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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>De la variation des param&#232;tres rythmiques relative &#224; l'exercice de communication : les pauses dans la parole du politique
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article3179</link>
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		<dc:date>2025-09-08T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Andr&#233;, Marion B&#233;chet, Ivana Didirkova et al.
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;F. Andr&#233;, M. B&#233;chet, I. Didirkova, F. Hirsch, F. Marsac &amp; R.Sock, &#171; De la variation des param&#232;tres rythmiques relative &#224; l'exercice de communication : les pauses dans la parole du politique &#187;, dans Variation, invariant et plasticit&#233; langagi&#232;re, &#233;dit&#233; par Isabelle Gaudy-Campbell et Yvon Keromnes, Besan&#231;on, Presses univ. de Franche-Comt&#233;, 2016, pp. 99-111.&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique40" rel="directory"&gt;Rythmes du langage
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;F. Andr&#233;, M. B&#233;chet, I. Didirkova, F. Hirsch, F. Marsac &amp; R.Sock, &#171; De la variation des param&#232;tres rythmiques relative &#224; l'exercice de communication : les pauses dans la parole du politique &#187;, dans &lt;i&gt;Variation, invariant et plasticit&#233; langagi&#232;re&lt;/i&gt;, &#233;dit&#233; par Isabelle Gaudy-Campbell et Yvon Keromnes, Besan&#231;on, Presses univ. de Franche-Comt&#233;, 2016, pp. 99-111.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;iframe src=&#034;https://books.openedition.org/pufc/9357?format=embed&#034; style=&#034;padding:5px;border:2px solid #ddd;&#034; height=&#034;800&#034; width=&#034;600&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Plus un geste ! Corps distraits et rythme des images chez Chardin et Chaplin
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article3143</link>
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		<dc:date>2025-05-23T14:09:06Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Hugo Martin
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;H. Martin, &#171; Plus un geste ! Corps distraits et rythme des images chez Chardin et Chaplin &#187; in H. Eckert &amp; N. Hatzfeld (dir.), Images du travail, Travail des images, n&#176; 18, 2025. R&#233;sum&#233; : Que se passe-t-il, dans les gestes du travail, quand celui-ci se suspend ? Et quels autres gestes naissent &#224; cette occasion ? Pour cerner philosophiquement ces questions, nous analysons d'abord la lecture que plusieurs philosophes et &#233;crivains (Blanchot, Agamben, Deleuze) font de la nouvelle (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique41" rel="directory"&gt;Rythmes du social
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;H. Martin, &#171; &lt;a href=&#034;https://journals.openedition.org/itti/5877&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Plus un geste ! Corps distraits et rythme des images chez Chardin et Chaplin&lt;/a&gt; &#187; &lt;i&gt;in &lt;/i&gt; H. Eckert &amp; N. Hatzfeld (dir.), &lt;i&gt;Images du travail, Travail des images&lt;/i&gt;, n&#176; 18, 2025.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;R&#233;sum&#233; : &lt;/strong&gt; Que se passe-t-il, dans les gestes du travail, quand celui-ci se suspend ? Et quels autres gestes naissent &#224; cette occasion ? Pour cerner philosophiquement ces questions, nous analysons d'abord la lecture que plusieurs philosophes et &#233;crivains (Blanchot, Agamben, Deleuze) font de la nouvelle d'Herman Melville, Bartleby ou le scribe (1853) dans laquelle un copiste new-yorkais refuse, du jour au lendemain, d'effectuer toute t&#226;che suppl&#233;mentaire, r&#233;pondant &#224; son patron le fameux &#171; I would prefer not to. &#187; Bien que ces interpr&#233;tations tirent Bartleby du c&#244;t&#233; de la passivit&#233;, de la n&#233;gativit&#233;, du d&#233;s&#339;uvrement, nous pr&#233;f&#233;rons emmener l'analyse du c&#244;t&#233; du rythme et du rapport au temps que creusent les gestes de suspension du travail, de distraction. Pour ce faire, nous &#233;tudions deux corpus d'images, de part et d'autre de la pliure du capitalisme industriel. Le temps domestique et le rythme &#171; naturel &#187; des travailleuses peintes par Chardin, chez qui la distraction peut conduire &#224; la r&#234;verie. Le temps industriel et la cadence machinique des ouvriers des Temps modernes de Chaplin, contre quoi s'oppose le corps ambivalent et critique de Charlot. La distraction de l'ouvrier et son rapport d&#233;concertant aux objets et au politique deviennent ainsi une puissance subversive.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Mots-cl&#233;s :&lt;/strong&gt; distraction, Chardin, Chaplin, corps, temps, travail, horloge&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Qu'advient-il lorsqu'un travailleur, lorsqu'une travailleuse cesse le travail ? Que survient-il dans les gestes du travail quand celui-ci se suspend ? Quels autres gestes surgissent &#224; cette occasion ? Interrompre ce que l'on appelle une activit&#233; professionnelle conduit-il &#224; devenir passif ? Les choses ne sont pas si ais&#233;ment r&#233;versibles, antonymiques, et c'est le nuancier de cet entre-deux qui trame ce texte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Nous sommes au mitan du XIX&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle &#224; Wall Street. Bartleby est engag&#233; comme scribe, copiste dans l'&#233;tude d'un notaire, narrateur de la nouvelle d'Herman Melville. Il copie jour et nuit, affam&#233; mais sans gaiet&#233;, &#233;crivant silencieusement, d'une mani&#232;re m&#233;canique et &#233;teinte. Un jour, son patron lui demande une t&#226;che suppl&#233;mentaire et il r&#233;pond : &lt;i&gt;&#171; I would prefer not to. &#187;&lt;/i&gt; Face au sto&#239;cisme de sa phrase, r&#233;sistance passive et, croit-il, inoffensive, le patron ne se met pas en col&#232;re. Il pense au caract&#232;re de Bartleby, gentil, respectueux, involontairement excentrique ou extravagant. Mais cette r&#233;ponse est la premi&#232;re d'une longue s&#233;rie. Face aux refus r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;s de Bartleby d'effectuer un nouveau travail suppl&#233;mentaire ou d'aller chercher un colis &#224; la poste, le narrateur s'interroge sur son employ&#233;. Lui, l'homme de loi rationaliste, entour&#233; des papiers de tous ces morts et de tous ces vivants, qui pense ainsi conna&#238;tre le tout de la vie humaine, tombe sur une &#233;nigme. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Rythmes de travail et vie familiale
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article3126</link>
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		<dc:date>2025-03-03T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Sandra Zilloniz
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;S. Zilloniz, &#171; Chapitre 12. Rythmes de travail et vie familiale &#187;, A. R&#233;gnier-Loilier (&#233;d.), Parcours de familles, Paris, Ined &#201;ditions, 2016, pp. 305-331.&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique41" rel="directory"&gt;Rythmes du social
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;S. Zilloniz, &#171; Chapitre 12. Rythmes de travail et vie familiale &#187;, A. R&#233;gnier-Loilier (&#233;d.), &lt;i&gt;Parcours de familles&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Ined &#201;ditions, 2016, pp. 305-331.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;iframe src=&#034;https://books.openedition.org/ined/4863?format=embed&#034; style=&#034;padding:5px;border:2px solid #ddd;&#034; height=&#034;800&#034; width=&#034;600&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Il faut se lib&#233;rer de l'id&#233;e que le rythme existe par lui-m&#234;me, dans la nature
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2916</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2916</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-09-18T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Pascal Michon
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Interview r&#233;alis&#233;e par Benjamin Pradel en mai 2022 et parue sur le site de la M&#233;tropole du Grand Lyon Millenaire3. Je le remercie d'avoir suscit&#233; cet &#233;change et &#233;galement de l'avoir publi&#233; avec soin. -- Nos soci&#233;t&#233;s se construisent autour de nombreux rythmes : celui du travail, des enfants, du cycle &#171; naturel &#187; du corps humain... Comment ces rythmes se sont-ils impos&#233;s &#224; tous ? D'o&#249; viennent-ils ? Comment d&#233;construire les rythmes ? Et pour commencer, qu'est-ce que le rythme ? -- D'abord, (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Interview r&#233;alis&#233;e par &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.millenaire3.com/auteurs/Pradel-Benjamin&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Benjamin Pradel&lt;/a&gt; en mai 2022 et parue sur le site de la M&#233;tropole du Grand Lyon &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.millenaire3.com/Interview/pascal-michon-il-faut-se-liberer-de-l-idee-que-le-rythme-existe-par-lui-meme-dans-la-nature&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Millenaire3&lt;/a&gt;. Je le remercie d'avoir suscit&#233; cet &#233;change et &#233;galement de l'avoir publi&#233; avec soin.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Nos soci&#233;t&#233;s se construisent autour de nombreux rythmes : celui du travail, des enfants, du cycle &#171; naturel &#187; du corps humain... Comment ces rythmes se sont-ils impos&#233;s &#224; tous ? D'o&#249; viennent-ils ? Comment d&#233;construire les rythmes ? Et pour commencer, qu'est-ce que le rythme ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; D'abord, il faut se lib&#233;rer de l'id&#233;e que le rythme aurait une d&#233;finition unique et existerait par lui-m&#234;me, dans la nature. &#192; chaque fois que l'on dit qu'il y a &#171; du rythme &#187; quelque part, c'est nous qui appliquons aux ph&#233;nom&#232;nes observ&#233;s des notions qui ont &#233;t&#233; con&#231;ues, bricol&#233;es, &#233;labor&#233;es de mani&#232;re assez complexe parfois, et souvent m&#233;lang&#233;es ou hybrid&#233;es. Ce qu'on appelle de mani&#232;re variable &#171; p&#233;riode &#187;, &#171; cycle &#187;, &#171; vitesse &#187;, &#171; continuit&#233; &#187; ou m&#234;me &#171; fluement &#187; ne sont que des constructions humaines. Il faut donc &#233;liminer l'illusion qu'il existe des rythmes exog&#232;nes &#224; l'homme, qui s'imposent &#224; lui et &#224; l'organisation des soci&#233;t&#233;s. On trouve ce genre de croyance par exemple dans certaines visions religieuses monoth&#233;istes. Pour saint Augustin, Dieu est rythmique, le Paradis est rythmique et donc il faut se pr&#233;parer rythmiquement &#224; la vie apr&#232;s la mort, notamment en respectant un certain nombre de rituels et de mani&#232;res de vivre. Il y a eu aussi des visions &#171; panrythmiques &#187; d'orientation cette fois plut&#244;t panth&#233;iste, notamment au 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, visions selon lesquelles l'homme et la soci&#233;t&#233; devaient s'aligner sur les grands rythmes cosmiques et naturels. Cette naturalisation du rythme, on la trouve encore au 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, jusque dans la vision, par ailleurs critique, d'Henri Lefebvre. D'une mani&#232;re &#233;tonnante, lorsqu'il s'agit de diff&#233;rencier les bons des mauvais rythmes, celui-ci d&#233;fend encore les rythmes &#171; cycliques &#187; des soci&#233;t&#233;s rurales qu'il oppose aux rythmes &#171; lin&#233;aires &#187; qui se sont impos&#233;s dans les soci&#233;t&#233;s industrielles et urbanis&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; partir du moment o&#249; l'on pense que les concepts ne sont pas dans la nature, comprendre ce qu'est le rythme revient &#224; faire l'histoire de ses emplois et &#224; choisir une d&#233;finition qui convient &#224; nos besoins et aspirations. On rentre alors dans une longue enqu&#234;te portant sur plus de 2500 ans de productions th&#233;oriques tr&#232;s enchev&#234;tr&#233;es mais que l'on arrive petit &#224; petit &#224; d&#233;cortiquer et &#224; classer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Comment r&#233;sumer cette histoire de la conception du rythme ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; En simplifiant, on peut dire qu'il y a eu trois grandes conceptions ou trois grands paradigmes du rythme dans l'histoire occidentale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La plus ancienne de ces conceptions est celle des philosophes mat&#233;rialistes et atomistes grecs qui sont les premiers, semble-t-il, &#224; avoir utilis&#233; th&#233;oriquement le terme &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;. Ce terme est form&#233; &#224; partir du verbe &#171; &lt;i&gt;rhein &lt;/i&gt; &#187; qui veut dire couler et du suffixe &#171; &#8211;&lt;i&gt;thmos &lt;/i&gt; &#187; qui indique une modalit&#233;. Il signifie donc au d&#233;part la modalit&#233; du flux, la forme de quelque chose en mouvement. Chez D&#233;mocrite et les premiers philosophes mat&#233;rialistes, il d&#233;signe les formes impermanentes constitu&#233;es par l'agglutination des atomes, telles qu'elles apparaissent aux yeux de l'observateur. Cette acception, qui est encore celle que l'on trouve chez Lucr&#232;ce, a disparu en gros &#224; la fin du 1&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;er&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle avant JC pour r&#233;appara&#238;tre vers la fin du 17&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; et surtout au 18&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, m&#234;me si c'est sous d'autres noms. On rep&#232;re ce paradigme encore de nos jours, par exemple dans les neurosciences. Quand celles-ci parlent de &#171; rythme &#187;, elles visent bien s&#251;r d'abord des oscillations, des cycles et des fr&#233;quences, par exemple celles que l'on rep&#232;re sur un &#233;lectroenc&#233;phalogramme, mais en m&#234;me temps, les recherches les plus r&#233;centes essayent de comprendre comment sont organis&#233;s des flux c&#233;r&#233;braux form&#233;s de milliards de boucles d'interaction entre des populations de milliards de neurones. C'est alors qu'elles ont affaire &#224; des &lt;i&gt;rhuthmoi&lt;/i&gt;, des configurations fluantes ou des formes fondamentalement transitoires telles qu'elles apparaissent &#224; l'observateur.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La deuxi&#232;me conception, la plus fr&#233;quente aujourd'hui, a &#233;t&#233; &#233;labor&#233;e par Platon. Celui-ci avait une vision id&#233;aliste et autoritaire du point de vue politique et &#233;thique. Du coup, l'id&#233;e qu'il puisse y avoir des &#171; formes &#187; fluantes et d&#233;pendantes de l'observation ne lui plaisait gu&#232;re. &#192; ses yeux, les formes, les Id&#233;es, existent en effet par elles-m&#234;mes et les hommes doivent chercher &#224; s'en approcher en d&#233;pit de leurs imperfections. C'est pourquoi Platon r&#233;duit le &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, qui &#233;tait jusque-l&#224; une mani&#232;re de fluer ou une forme momentan&#233;e d'une entit&#233; fluante, &#224; une structure m&#233;trique, d&#233;finie selon des proportions rationnelles. Selon lui, le rythme est une succession de temps forts et de temps faibles qui ont des rapports arithm&#233;tiques, succession qu'il retrouve dans la danse, le chant ou encore la po&#233;sie. Cette conception est celle qui s'est impos&#233;e en Occident et qui domine toujours aujourd'hui.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pendant plus de 2000 ans, c'est d'abord la m&#233;decine qui a diffus&#233; ce mod&#232;le m&#233;trique. Assez vite, des m&#233;decins grecs d'Alexandrie l'ont utilis&#233; pour mesurer le pouls et en faire un instrument de diagnostic. Cette pratique s'est ensuite r&#233;pandue dans l'Empire romain puis, au cours du Moyen &#194;ge, dans le monde arabo-persan. Elle s'est encore renforc&#233;e &#224; partir du 18&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; et surtout du 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, quand la m&#233;decine puis la physiologie ont commenc&#233; &#224; b&#233;n&#233;ficier d'instruments de mesure et d'enregistrement sophistiqu&#233;s. La plupart des m&#233;decins consid&#233;raient ce rythme comme naturel, mais certains le voyaient comme un simple instrument de mesure. On retrouve ici la m&#234;me opposition philosophique que partout ailleurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Entre les 3&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; et 6&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cles de notre &#232;re, la m&#233;trique a p&#233;n&#233;tr&#233; la cosmologie n&#233;o-platonicienne puis le christianisme avec saint Augustin et Bo&#232;ce. Ceux-ci ont pos&#233; les bases d'une vision de Dieu, du monde et des hommes, totalement m&#233;trifi&#233;e, vision qui a domin&#233; la culture occidentale pendant tout le Moyen &#194;ge. Cette approche m&#233;trique du monde s'est perp&#233;tu&#233;e &#224; l'&#233;poque moderne &#224; travers des philosophes, plus ou moins &#233;loign&#233;s du christianisme, comme Schelling ou Hegel. Celui-ci associait ainsi explicitement la dialectique ternaire qu'il voyait &#224; l'&#339;uvre dans l'histoire aux formes d&#233;crites par les derni&#232;res th&#233;ories m&#233;triques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parall&#232;lement &#224; ces deux canaux, le mod&#232;le m&#233;trique est bien s&#251;r pass&#233; &#233;galement dans la th&#233;orie de la litt&#233;rature et la th&#233;orie musicale. On le trouve tout au long de l'Antiquit&#233; puis de nouveau, apr&#232;s une &#233;clipse, &#224; la fin du Moyen &#194;ge, quand les mod&#232;les de d&#233;coupage arithm&#233;tiques sont de nouveau mis &#224; profit pour stabiliser les polyphonies de l'&lt;i&gt;ars nova&lt;/i&gt; et encadrer les formes po&#233;tiques nouvelles &#233;crites en langue vulgaire. Extr&#234;mement puissant dans les arts pendant la p&#233;riode moderne, le mod&#232;le m&#233;trique n'a finalement &#233;t&#233; remis en question qu'au milieu du 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle pour la po&#233;sie et au milieu du suivant pour la musique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Puisque nous parlons d'art, il faut noter qu'un usage un peu particulier est apparu en architecture juste avant notre &#232;re. Vitruve a alors utilis&#233; la notion m&#233;trique de rythme pour rendre compte de l'harmonie ou du manque d'harmonie d'un b&#226;timent. On voit l'innovation : il ne s'agissait plus ici de mesurer un mouvement dans le temps comme en m&#233;decine, en musique ou en po&#233;sie, mais de fonder une esth&#233;tique spatiale. Toutefois, &#224; l'instar de ces arts du temps, Vitruve faisait reposer cette esth&#233;tique sur des rapports arithm&#233;tiques rationnels entre les diff&#233;rentes parties d'une construction. La m&#233;trique &#233;tait donc d&#233;sormais appliqu&#233;e &#224; l'espace. Cette conception, reprise &#224; la Renaissance par Alberti, s'est r&#233;pandue en Occident pendant toute la p&#233;riode moderne et n'a c&#233;d&#233; la place que lorsqu'&#224; partir du 18&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, les rythmes d'un b&#226;timent sont devenus &#224; leur tour des successions de pleins et de creux, de fen&#234;tres et de murs, ou de colonnes et de vides, envisag&#233;s d&#233;sormais selon le d&#233;placement temporel du regard du spectateur. Cette retemporalisation n'a toutefois rien chang&#233; &#224; la base m&#233;trique de cette rythmique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un fois qu'on a pris conscience de ces divers canaux de diffusion, on comprend mieux pourquoi le sch&#233;ma m&#233;trique est devenu dominant au cours des 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; et 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cles, p&#233;riode pendant laquelle, en plus des domaines qu'il avait d&#233;j&#224; conquis, il a fini par p&#233;n&#233;trer en psychologie, en &#233;conomie et m&#234;me dans les sciences sociales. Son histoire explique pourquoi quand on parle de rythme, aujourd'hui, les gens pensent m&#233;trique et num&#233;ration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il existe toutefois un troisi&#232;me paradigme, certes tr&#232;s minoritaire, mais qu'il convient de ne pas oublier. Celui-ci a &#233;t&#233; inaugur&#233; par Aristote au 4&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, s'est maintenu encore quelques centaines d'ann&#233;es puis il a disparu &#224; la fin du 1&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;er&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle apr&#232;s JC. Avec la maturit&#233;, Aristote s'est d&#233;tach&#233; de l'approche rythmique de son ma&#238;tre Platon, surtout lorsqu'il s'est int&#233;ress&#233; aux rythmes du langage. En travaillant sur les techniques rh&#233;toriques des orateurs de la Cit&#233;, puis sur le th&#233;&#226;tre et la po&#233;sie qui y &#233;taient des pratiques courantes, il a tout d'abord mis l'accent sur leurs effets de &#171; re-pr&#233;sentation &#187; (&lt;i&gt;mim&#233;sis&lt;/i&gt;), c'est-&#224;-dire sur les mani&#232;res dont un auteur ou un acteur recr&#233;e les choses du monde et les actions des hommes tout en mettant en lumi&#232;re leurs structures profondes. Ce sont ces mani&#232;res et leurs effets d'illumination qui, notait-il, provoquent la &lt;i&gt;katharsis&lt;/i&gt;, c'est-&#224;-dire le plaisir de comprendre les probl&#232;mes et &#233;ventuellement d'imaginer l'avenir. Or, ni les uns ni les autres ne peuvent s'expliquer simplement par des successions de syllabes longues et br&#232;ves, ou de temps forts et faibles. Il faut prendre en compte l'ensemble des configurations fluantes des discours, c'est-&#224;-dire reprendre la notion de &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos &lt;/i&gt; physique pr&#233;-platonicien mais en l'appliquant cette fois au langage. En refondant la Po&#233;tique sur le rythme, dans ce troisi&#232;me sens tr&#232;s particulier, on peut alors comprendre comment on fabrique de la litt&#233;rature, comment on la consomme et ce qu'elle nous fait. On peut &#233;baucher une th&#233;orie de la valeur artistique qui ne soit pas une simple th&#233;orie du plaisir esth&#233;tique. On peut m&#234;me envisager une th&#233;orie &#233;thique et politique assez d&#233;mocratique tr&#232;s diff&#233;rente de la vision platonicienne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Quels sont les probl&#232;mes pos&#233;s par ces conceptions divergentes du rythme ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Le probl&#232;me le plus g&#234;nant r&#233;sulte de la domination du mod&#232;le m&#233;trique. L'usage d'un tel mod&#232;le n'est pas en lui-m&#234;me un probl&#232;me quand il reste purement m&#233;thodologique. De tr&#232;s nombreuses sciences, que cela soit de l'homme, de la soci&#233;t&#233; ou de la nature, ont besoin de mesurer l'&#233;volution des ph&#233;nom&#232;nes dans le temps et pour cela de d&#233;couper m&#233;triquement les dur&#233;es en question. Ce qui pose un probl&#232;me, c'est quand on commence &#224; penser que ce qui n'est qu'un outil d'observation existe dans la r&#233;alit&#233; des choses qu'on observe. &#192; partir de l&#224;, le point de vue m&#233;thodologique se transforme en une vision du monde ou une id&#233;ologie qui peut servir des int&#233;r&#234;ts et des objectifs &#233;thiques et politiques bien particuliers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chez les &#233;conomistes, par exemple, lorsqu'il appara&#238;t au milieu du 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle que l'&#233;conomie ne se d&#233;veloppe pas de mani&#232;re r&#233;guli&#232;re mais suivant des cycles plus ou moins p&#233;riodiques, avec les cons&#233;quences sociales que l'on conna&#238;t, Marx utilise cet argument pour alimenter sa critique du capitalisme. La r&#233;ponse des &#233;conomistes lib&#233;raux est tr&#232;s instructive. Apr&#232;s un moment d'h&#233;sitation devant ces ph&#233;nom&#232;nes d&#233;rangeants, ils vont commencer &#224; soutenir que ces rythmes sont tout &#224; fait &#171; naturels &#187; et que les d&#233;g&#226;ts caus&#233;s par les crises r&#233;currentes font partie, &lt;i&gt;nolens volens&lt;/i&gt;, de la &#171; respiration &#187; ou de la &#171; vie &#187; de l'&#233;conomie. Introduisant un mod&#232;le n&#233;o-darwiniste (peu conforme du reste &#224; l'original), ils vont soutenir que ces crises font mourir les entreprises les plus faibles, provoquent du ch&#244;mage et de la pauvret&#233;, certes, mais que cela profite aux entreprises les plus fortes qui vont pouvoir se d&#233;velopper et embaucher des travailleurs. Ces crises feraient donc partie int&#233;grante des rythmes profonds qui scandent le d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique. Pour Marx, puisque les rythmes &#233;conomiques sont sociaux et historiques, il est l&#233;gitime d'intervenir. Pour les lib&#233;raux, ces rythmes sont naturels et donc il faut, au contraire, laisser faire. Derri&#232;re cette conception du rythme, il y a donc, on le voit, des implications tr&#232;s concr&#232;tes et tr&#232;s politiques&#8230; La vision m&#233;trique, celle qui domine aujourd'hui, est clairement une vision id&#233;aliste, naturaliste et lib&#233;rale, qui pousse &#224; concevoir le r&#233;el comme rationnel et m&#233;trique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette naturalisation des outils a, par ailleurs, pour effet d'interdire toute approche rythmique non orthodoxe. Dans les sciences de la vie, par exemple, la chronobiologie a permis de faire des d&#233;couvertes tr&#232;s importantes. Mais aujourd'hui, lorsqu'un chercheur veut appeler &#171; rythme &#187; l'organisation non p&#233;riodique des &#233;changes d'impulsions entre poissons &#233;lectriques, on lui dit que cela n'est pas du rythme. De m&#234;me, lorsque les neurosciences ont affaire &#224; des organisations fluantes de milliards d'interactions entre des populations de milliards de neurones, elles s'interdisent le concept de rythme, qui est associ&#233; depuis le d&#233;but du 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle aux mesures par &#233;lectroenc&#233;phalographie, alors qu'elles pourraient tr&#232;s bien l'utiliser avec un tr&#232;s grand profit si elles connaissaient son pass&#233; &lt;i&gt;rhuthmique &lt;/i&gt; ancien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tous ces probl&#232;mes r&#233;sultent de la domination m&#233;trique et de sa naturalisation. &#192; ceux-l&#224;, il faut encore ajouter, il est vrai, une autre difficult&#233;, li&#233;e cette fois aux divergences entre les paradigmes anti-m&#233;triques eux-m&#234;mes, ceux que j'appelle &lt;i&gt;rhuthmiques&lt;/i&gt;. Si on les observe dans la longue dur&#233;e, on voit que ces deux paradigmes sont la plupart du temps rest&#233;s s&#233;par&#233;s en Occident. Face &#224; la m&#233;trique dominante, les conceptions &lt;i&gt;rhuthmiques &lt;/i&gt; naturalistes et anthropologiques n'ont pas r&#233;ussi &#224; s'associer, sauf dans de tr&#232;s rares cas comme, par exemple, chez Aristote et, plus pr&#232;s de nous, Diderot, Goethe ou Nietzche. Au 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, ces deux visions sont rest&#233;es extr&#234;mement &#233;loign&#233;es l'une de l'autre. Je pense, par exemple, &#224; l'opposition dans les ann&#233;es 1960-1970 entre, d'une part, Benveniste, Barthes et Meschonnic, et de l'autre, Morin, Serres, Deleuze et Guattari. Nous sommes l&#224; devant un autre d&#233;fi qui sera certainement assez difficile &#224; relever.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Quelle vision du rythme soutenez-vous de votre c&#244;t&#233; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; En ce qui me concerne, j'oppose l'id&#233;e d'&#171; organisation du mouvant &#187; ou &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; &#224; celle d'&#171; ordre arithm&#233;tique du mouvement &#187; ou &lt;i&gt;m&#233;tron&lt;/i&gt;. Si l'on adopte ce point de vue, on obtient un concept beaucoup plus englobant que le concept m&#233;trique de rythme, qui n'est d'ailleurs pas supprim&#233; mais int&#233;gr&#233; dans le pr&#233;c&#233;dent. Dans tous les ph&#233;nom&#232;nes fond&#233;s sur de grandes quantit&#233;s d'interactions enchev&#234;tr&#233;es, on a affaire &#224; des organisations fluantes, que l'on pourrait appeler &#171; holistes &#187;, bien que des successions lin&#233;aires p&#233;riodiques puissent tr&#232;s bien faire partie de l'image globale. C'est ce qui se passe lorsqu'on observe des populations de neurones, de bact&#233;ries ou encore d'animaux gr&#233;gaires, comme les bancs de poissons ou les vols d'&#233;tourneaux. Mais c'est aussi ce qui se passe, lorsqu'on aborde une soci&#233;t&#233; ou un po&#232;me et que l'on prend en compte &#224; la fois les &#233;chos, les interactions prosodiques, qui font sa mati&#232;re m&#234;me, et les structures m&#233;triques lin&#233;aires impos&#233;es par le style de versification adopt&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La po&#233;sie, depuis le 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;, avec Baudelaire puis les symbolistes et Mallarm&#233;, a r&#233;ussi &#224; se d&#233;barrasser des normes m&#233;triques et de versification. Le po&#232;me en prose, le vers libre et les balbutiements syntaxiques mallarm&#233;ens sont d&#233;sormais organis&#233;s comme des syst&#232;mes d'&#233;chos, d'oppositions, de reprises, de silences. Chaque po&#232;me se d&#233;ploie bien entendu lin&#233;airement, comme tout discours, mais il doit aussi s'entendre pour ainsi dire perpendiculairement. Ce que les po&#232;tes de cette &#233;poque mettent au jour est fondamental : dans tout po&#232;me, mais c'est en fait valable pour tout discours, l'auditeur suit une s&#233;rie lexicale organis&#233;e de mani&#232;re syntaxique mais, en m&#234;me temps, il per&#231;oit, gr&#226;ce &#224; sa capacit&#233; auditive, &#224; sa m&#233;moire et au-del&#224; &#224; son corps entier, des interactions prosodiques extr&#234;mement complexes d'un vers &#224; tous les autres ou d'une partie du texte &#224; toutes les autres. D'une mani&#232;re remarquable, les &#233;crivains de cette &#233;poque, abandonnent pour d&#233;crire ce ph&#233;nom&#232;ne la m&#233;taphore de la &#171; m&#233;lodie &#187;, qui a &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;e jusqu'&#224; Verlaine et Bergson, et choisissent de l'appeler &#171; rythme &#187;. Ce rythme, on le voit, est donc un syst&#232;me global d'interactions dans un m&#233;dium fluant compos&#233;s de myriades d'&#233;l&#233;ments de toutes tailles : phon&#232;mes, accents, mots, structures syntaxiques, vers, strophes, texte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aujourd'hui, il y a beaucoup d'artistes qui sont attir&#233;s par cette vision des choses et qui cherchent &#224; substituer &#224; la notion m&#233;trique une notion &lt;i&gt;rhuthmique &lt;/i&gt; du rythme. Par exemple, certains musiciens de l'Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM) fabriquent de la musique &#224; partir de &#171; grains sonores &#187; qui sont, pour moi, typiquement des &#171; populations &#187; d'&#233;l&#233;ments pris dans des interactions. De m&#234;me, j'ai &#233;t&#233; frapp&#233; ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es par le fait que certaines chor&#233;graphes comme Maguy Marin &#224; Lyon, ou Elise Lerat &#224; Nantes, introduisent dans leurs chor&#233;graphies non seulement de nombreuses variations non m&#233;triques, ce qui &#233;tait d&#233;j&#224; courant depuis le 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, mais aussi des exp&#233;rimentations sur les associations possibles, les oppositions, mais aussi les indiff&#233;rences entre les rythmes propres &#224; chacun des danseurs, les uns par rapport aux autres, mais aussi par chacun par rapport au rythme global de la pi&#232;ce. Le rythme est alors clairement un ensemble global complexe d'interactions de corps dansants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En ce qui concerne les sciences sociales, plut&#244;t que d'emprunter, comme il est souvent fait, le concept de rythme &#224; la musique, ce qui nous confine quoi qu'on en dise dans la m&#233;trique (sauf, on vient de le voir, pour une certaine partie de la musique contemporaine qui s'est d&#233;velopp&#233;e &#224; la suite de Boulez et de son concept de &#171; temps lisse &#187;), il me semble ainsi plus productif de faire jouer le concept de rythme tel qu'il est n&#233; au sein des nouvelles pratiques po&#233;tiques dans la deuxi&#232;me moiti&#233; du 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, tel qu'il a &#233;t&#233; ensuite &#233;labor&#233; sur des bases linguistiques et po&#233;tiques dans les ann&#233;es 1960-1980, et tel qu'il est aujourd'hui de nouveau questionn&#233; et utilis&#233; par un certain nombre d'artistes contemporains. &#192; partir de l&#224;, on peut aussi le faire jouer dans la description des ph&#233;nom&#232;nes sociaux actuels et m&#234;me confronter ce concept r&#233;form&#233; aux derni&#232;res d&#233;couvertes de certaines sciences de la nature, qui d'une mani&#232;re &#233;tonnante adoptent, elles aussi, une perspective &#224; la fois radicalement dynamique et radicalement corpusculaire. Bien s&#251;r, loin de chercher ainsi &#224; renaturaliser le concept, mon espoir en faisant cela est, au contraire, de susciter des &#233;changes entre ces diff&#233;rents points de vue sur la base de leurs soucis formels et m&#233;thodologiques communs. Pour le dire vite, il s'agirait de rapprocher &#224; nouveau les deux visions du &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, celle h&#233;rit&#233;e de D&#233;mocrite et celle h&#233;rit&#233;e d'Aristote.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Qu'est-ce que cette vision non m&#233;trique peut nous apporter sur la compr&#233;hension du monde et la mani&#232;re d'agir dessus ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; On comprend assez vite ce que l'approche &lt;i&gt;rhuthmique &lt;/i&gt; peut nous apporter si l'on pense &#224; l'histoire rythmique r&#233;cente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La m&#233;trique a eu des effets d&#233;terminants au 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, notamment dans le monde du travail. Quand, dans les premi&#232;res d&#233;cennies du si&#232;cle, il s'est agi d'augmenter la productivit&#233;, le taylorisme a fait flor&#232;s aussi bien dans le monde capitaliste que dans le monde socialiste. Les corps des travailleurs ont &#233;t&#233; soumis &#224; des disciplines enti&#232;rement m&#233;trifi&#233;es. Durant la m&#234;me p&#233;riode, les r&#233;gimes fasciste et nazi ont &#233;galement utilis&#233; extensivement la m&#233;trique pour mettre en forme les corps et les esprits, et plus g&#233;n&#233;ralement pour organiser la vie sur un mod&#232;le hyper-autoritaire. Ces derni&#232;res formes m&#233;triques ont disparu avec l'effondrement de ces r&#233;gimes &#224; la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, mais la m&#233;trique a continu&#233; &#224; r&#233;genter d'autres fa&#231;ons les soci&#233;t&#233;s d&#233;velopp&#233;es jusqu'aux toutes derni&#232;res d&#233;cennies du si&#232;cle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On a alors assist&#233; conjointement &#224; l'explosion du bloc socialiste, &#224; l'abandon (ou au moins au d&#233;placement g&#233;ographique) du taylorisme, au basculement des soci&#233;t&#233;s occidentales dans le n&#233;olib&#233;ralisme et &#224; une r&#233;volution des transports et des communications. Cette conjonction nous a fait passer d'un monde m&#233;trique, m&#233;trifi&#233;, r&#233;gl&#233;, scand&#233;, &#224; un monde ouvert, interconnect&#233;, tiss&#233; de flux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Or, contrairement &#224; ce que pr&#233;tendent certains auteurs comme Hartmut Rosa, ce passage ne s'est pas fait par une simple acc&#233;l&#233;ration des techniques, des modes de vie et des changements sociaux, mais il a &#233;t&#233; orchestr&#233; par des d&#233;cisions politiques, par la mise en place de nouvelles normes juridiques et par l'essor de certaines techniques bien particuli&#232;res. La m&#233;trique du travail, les trois huit, le travail &#224; la cha&#238;ne, demeurent, par exemple en Chine ou dans les pays ateliers, qui se sont transform&#233;s en usines du monde. En Occident, la soci&#233;t&#233; et l'&#233;conomie se sont, en revanche, d&#233;parties de ces rythmes et reposent d&#233;sormais plut&#244;t sur des organisations en flux tendu ou en temps r&#233;el fond&#233;es sur une multiplication in&#233;dite des interconnexions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Alors, l'ennemi c'est la m&#233;trique ou le flux ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; L'ennemi n'est plus aujourd'hui la m&#233;trique. C'est un probl&#232;me du pass&#233;, en tout cas pour ce qui nous concerne dans les soci&#233;t&#233;s d&#233;velopp&#233;es. Mais ce n'est pas le flux par lui-m&#234;me non plus. Notre principal d&#233;fi, c'est la dissolution ou plut&#244;t la liqu&#233;faction d'un monde devenu flexible et r&#233;ticulaire &#224; la fois. Dans les ann&#233;es 1970, beaucoup de penseurs critiques r&#233;agissaient contre un monde syst&#233;mique et m&#233;trique organis&#233; selon une division stricte du temps, la r&#233;p&#233;tition des t&#226;ches, la division du travail, etc. Nous vivons, au contraire, dans un monde o&#249; les temporalit&#233;s se croisent &#224; cause de la disparition des fronti&#232;res entre le domicile et le travail par exemple, ou bien &#224; cause des flux continus de sollicitations et d'exigences qui nous arrivent, et qui demanderaient, justement, &#224; &#234;tre un minimum r&#233;gul&#233;s&#8230; Nous sommes constamment pris dans des croisements, des chevauchements et des enchev&#234;trements de rythmes multiples.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comment faire, d&#232;s lors, pour que ces rythmes fluides ne nous d&#233;truisent pas ? Comment faire pour qu'ils n'entra&#238;nent pas un &lt;i&gt;burn out&lt;/i&gt;, un surmenage ou une d&#233;pression ? Comment faire pour qu'ils nous permettent, au contraire, de nous &#233;panouir et de d&#233;velopper une vie organis&#233;e, m&#234;me si elle est souplement organis&#233;e ?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les &#233;tudes sociologiques montrent que nous ne sommes pas &#233;gaux face &#224; ces d&#233;fis-l&#224;. En simplifiant un peu, les gens qui sont dits &#171; sur-occup&#233;s &#187; sont aussi souvent les mieux dot&#233;s pour faire face &#224; ces nouveaux probl&#232;mes. Ils ont pu faire les &#233;tudes qu'il faut, ils ont les outils technologiques, l'argent, les m&#233;tiers et les ressources sociales qu'il faut, et ils sont tout &#224; fait capables de jongler avec ces rythmes. Ils peuvent ainsi tr&#232;s bien vivre &#224; toute vitesse, quitte bien s&#251;r &#224; s'arr&#234;ter de temps en temps car, &#231;a aussi, ils le peuvent et le choisissent. &#192; l'inverse, ceux qui sont en bas de l'&#233;chelle ont beaucoup plus de mal &#224; harmoniser les rythmes auxquels ils sont confront&#233;s, d'une part parce qu'ils ont moins de connaissances, moins d'outils techniques et moins d'argent, mais aussi parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas choisir leurs horaires de travail qui sont par ailleurs de plus en plus hach&#233;s. Aujourd'hui, ces travailleurs sont tr&#232;s nombreux dans les services, la logistique, le commerce, toutes les activit&#233;s fond&#233;es sur le &#171; juste &#224; temps &#187;. Je pense par exemple aux livreurs &#224; v&#233;lo ou aux conducteurs de taxi mais aussi &#224; la caissi&#232;re qui travaille le dimanche et/ou un peu le matin et un peu le soir&#8230; Pour moi, la vitesse et l'acc&#233;l&#233;ration ne posent donc pas des probl&#232;mes par elles-m&#234;mes. Les vrais probl&#232;mes, ce sont, d'une part, ce que Christophe Bouton appelle la &#171; &lt;a href='https://www.dygest.co/christophe-bouton/le-temps-de-l' urgence=&#034;&#034;&gt;norme de l'urgence &lt;/a&gt; &#187; et, d'autre part, les in&#233;galit&#233;s face &#224; cette norme.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Que faire ? Nous aurions alors besoin de nouveau du rythme m&#233;trique pour r&#233;guler, voire ralentir, le rythme fluide ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; On ne pourra pas revenir au monde syst&#233;mique et m&#233;trique, c'est termin&#233;. Eric Zemmour y croit, pas moi. Il n'est pas possible de revenir en arri&#232;re. Cela dit, ce n'est pas une raison pour accepter la liqu&#233;faction du monde comme s'il s'agissait d'un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne naturel qui n'aurait aucun lien avec les choix politiques qui ont &#233;t&#233; fait ces quarante derni&#232;res ann&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais une telle remise en question ne pourra se faire, &#224; l'&#233;vidence, comme le proposent de leur c&#244;t&#233; certains essayistes &#224; la suite de Rosa, par le simple &#171; ralentissement &#187; de nos soci&#233;t&#233;s et &#233;conomies ou m&#234;me, &lt;i&gt;a minima&lt;/i&gt;, par la cr&#233;ation d'&#171; &#238;lots de d&#233;c&#233;l&#233;ration &#187;. Il faut plut&#244;t chercher &#224; redonner de la &#171; consistance &#187; &#224; ces flux, c'est-&#224;-dire des intensit&#233;s qui permettent aux individus de d&#233;velopper leurs capacit&#233;s &#224; agir et &#224; exister.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'une mani&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;rale, il ne s'agit ni de s'opposer aux transformations qui ont eu lieu et continuent de se produire de mani&#232;re typiquement r&#233;actionnaire par un retour en arri&#232;re dans un pass&#233; m&#233;trifi&#233; id&#233;alis&#233;, ni de les accepter de mani&#232;re assez d&#233;faitiste tout en y m&#233;nageant quelques espaces-temps que l'on imagine faussement plus vivables, mais de les retourner &#224; notre avantage en agissant de telle sorte que leurs effets pervers soient endigu&#233;s au maximum et que leurs b&#233;n&#233;fices soient beaucoup mieux partag&#233;s socialement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Comment lutter contre l'atomisation des formes collectives et la d&#233;stabilisation des individus provoqu&#233;es par la g&#233;n&#233;ralisation des rythmes fluides ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Dans les ann&#233;es 1990-2000, certains ont d&#233;fendu l'id&#233;e que les &#171; multitudes &#187; allaient s'organiser par le bas pour r&#233;sister aux rythmes &#233;crasant du monde fluide. Les &#201;tats ne pouvaient rien faire pour s'opposer &#224; la mutation du capitalisme en cours car ils en &#233;taient parties-prenantes. C'&#233;tait la th&#232;se d&#233;fendue par Toni Negri et Michael Hardt. L'histoire ne leur a pas donn&#233; raison. D'une part, les multitudes ne sont pas devenues des forces suffisamment organis&#233;es pour peser sur l'&#233;volution des soci&#233;t&#233;s. De l'autre, m&#234;me si les &#201;tats ont particip&#233; &#224; la mise en place du &lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article674' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;monde flex-r&#233;ticulaire&lt;/a&gt;, il n'y a aucune raison de renoncer &#224; &#233;tablir des arbitrages et des choix collectifs, n&#233;goci&#233;s, partag&#233;s &#224; propos de ces rythmes et cela &#224; toutes les &#233;chelles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'&#233;chelle de la famille, il est d&#233;j&#224; tout &#224; fait possible de se donner un certain nombre de normes temporelles. D'ores et d&#233;j&#224; de nombreux parents r&#233;gulent assez strictement l'usage par les enfants des &#233;crans, des consoles, des smartphones, etc. de mani&#232;re &#224; les isoler un peu de ces flux et &#224; les aider &#224; retrouver une certaine intensit&#233; dans leur rapport au monde. Certains organisent des moments de &#171; recondensation &#187; du temps en sanctuarisant un apr&#232;s-midi enti&#232;rement consacr&#233; aux enfants, une soir&#233;e pour l'un des conjoints ou en se mettant &#224; 80 % pour d&#233;gager du temps &#224; soi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'&#233;chelle des villes ou des r&#233;gions, on a vu appara&#238;tre, en Italie puis dans d'autres pays, de nombreuses exp&#233;riences de &#171; politiques temporelles &#187;, impuls&#233;es en particulier par des femmes, qui ont, tout d'abord, tent&#233; de faciliter la synchronisation des rythmes pour faciliter l'organisation des activit&#233;s quotidiennes qu'elles &#233;taient les premi&#232;res &#224; assumer. Ces politiques ont ensuite rapidement vis&#233; les rapports entre les activit&#233;s en continu et les moments d'arr&#234;t comme le dimanche ou la nuit, mais aussi l'immense question des mobilit&#233;s qui implique, quant &#224; elle, des cons&#233;quences environnementales et climatiques d&#233;terminantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; l'&#233;chelle nationale (ou r&#233;gionale selon les pays), je pense que les syndicats et les partis politiques conservent des capacit&#233;s et des responsabilit&#233;s fondamentales tout particuli&#232;rement en ce qui concerne le droit du travail. Il suffit de penser &#224; la r&#233;duction encore possible du temps de travail, au travail le dimanche, au droit &#224; la d&#233;connexion, au droit au t&#233;l&#233;travail, aux horaires d'ouverture des commerces et des services publics, &#224; la r&#233;mun&#233;ration de la p&#233;nibilit&#233; des travailleurs nocturne ou en rythme d&#233;cal&#233;, etc. Par ailleurs &#8211; et je suis d'accord sur ce sujet avec Christophe Bouton &#8211;, ils devraient aussi mieux r&#233;guler le syst&#232;me &#233;conomique capitaliste en p&#233;nalisant les entreprises qui orchestrent l'urgence organisationnelle, en &#233;tablissant un imp&#244;t progressif sur les soci&#233;t&#233;s pour contrecarrer l'exigence de rentabilit&#233; &#224; tr&#232;s court terme, et en facilitant au contraire la cr&#233;ation d'un actionnariat durable, lui-m&#234;me en prise sur les temporalit&#233;s longues dont la prise en compte nous est d&#233;sormais impos&#233;e par les transformations environnementales en cours.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Et puis, il y a aussi bien entendu les organisations internationales, l'Union europ&#233;enne en ce qui nous concerne, mais aussi l'ONU et les autres organisations. Il ne serait certainement pas inutile que ces corps se saisissent &#224; leur niveau des questions de temporalit&#233; et de rythme, notamment parce que ces questions ne peuvent pas &#234;tre dissoci&#233;es des enjeux internationaux contemporains, que cela soit les relations commerciales ou les questions climatiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi &#224; tous les niveaux, nous devons viser &#224; &#233;tablir les conditions d'une meilleure individuation, ou pour le dire autrement d'un pouvoir d'agir de chacun sur sa propre vie. Il ne faut rien nous interdire. Toutes les organisations sociales, quelle que soit leur nature et leur &#233;chelle, doivent permettre &#224; chacun et &#224; tous de s'&#233;manciper dans ce monde fluide. C'est un enjeu d&#233;mocratique qui engage en fait tous les acteurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prendre en compte toutes les &#233;chelles d'action possible permet d'&#233;viter &#224; la fois l'impasse de la th&#233;orie des &#171; multitudes &#187;, qui s'autolimite tout en pactisant parfois avec l'adversaire en esp&#233;rant na&#239;vement h&#226;ter son d&#233;clin (comme lorsque Negri a appel&#233; &#224; voter pour le r&#233;f&#233;rendum europ&#233;en de 2005), et celle de la th&#233;orie de &#171; l'acc&#233;l&#233;ration &#187; d&#233;fendue par Hartmut Rosa &#224; la suite de Virilio pour qui l'acc&#233;l&#233;ration &#187; serait tellement rapide qu'on ne pourrait cette fois rien faire du tout et que, mis &#224; part quelques &#171; &#238;lots de d&#233;c&#233;l&#233;ration &#187;, nous irions donc tout droit vers un effondrement apocalyptique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Le rythme m&#233;trique et notamment sa dimension cyclique, a largement permis de d&#233;crire la nature et, en partie gr&#226;ce &#224; cette efficacit&#233; descriptive, a domin&#233; la pens&#233;e occidentale. Que lui opposer en forme d'alternative ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; La chronobiologie montre bien qu'il y a des cycles dans le fonctionnement de la nature. Ils ne sont pas parfaits, il y a toujours des d&#233;calages, mais c'est la r&#233;alit&#233; des choses. C'est un rythme, ce sont des oscillations c'est-&#224;-dire des temps forts et des temps faibles, ce sont des cycles c'est-&#224;-dire des p&#233;riodes entre des temps, peu importe comment on le nomme. Ce n'est pas contestable. N&#233;anmoins, quand on &#233;tudie ce sur quoi les scientifiques travaillent aujourd'hui, on se rend compte que la nature ne se limite pas &#224; des rythmes m&#233;triques, cycliques, num&#233;riques, bien au contraire je dirais.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mieux on la comprend dans le d&#233;tail, plus on y trouve des formes de fonctionnement qui s'&#233;loignent de cette conception m&#233;trique. J'&#233;change par exemple avec &lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2798' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;Christian Graff&lt;/a&gt;, un chercheur qui travaille sur des poissons &#233;lectriques qui n'ont pas d'yeux et vivent dans la vase. Ces poissons se situent les uns par rapport aux autres, localisent leur nourriture, trouvent un partenaire sexuel, etc. gr&#226;ce &#224; des impulsions qui forment des successions lin&#233;aires non oscillatoires. Or, bien que les chronobiologistes lui r&#233;torquent qu'il ne s'agit pas de rythmes (au sens admis jusqu'ici), il insiste pour les consid&#233;rer globalement comme tels (ce qui bien entendu change la d&#233;finition du terme mais ouvre sur la saisie de ph&#233;nom&#232;nes qui &#233;chappaient jusque-l&#224; &#224; la mesure).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J'y ai d&#233;j&#224; fait allusion, les avanc&#233;es dans les neurosciences constituent un autre exemple de cette mutation en cours. Dans le cerveau, il y a des milliards de neurones interconnect&#233;s et, quand il y a &#233;change entre deux populations de neurones, les signaux vont dans un sens et repartent instantan&#233;ment dans l'autre. Ce ph&#233;nom&#232;ne de &#171; r&#233;entr&#233;e &#187;, comme l'appellent &lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article600' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;Gerald Edelman et Giulio Tononi&lt;/a&gt;, cr&#233;e des centaines de millions de boucles ou de tourbillons neuronaux qui, toutes les 200 millisecondes, font appara&#238;tre une petite sc&#232;ne consciente. Ces sc&#232;nes se succ&#232;dent les unes les autres si rapidement qu'elles produisent en fin de compte un flux de conscience qui nous appara&#238;t comme continu. On voit ici que le cerveau fonctionne &#224; partir de flux qui ne sont pas organis&#233;s de fa&#231;on m&#233;trique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En fait, le sch&#233;ma du rythme m&#233;trique est utile mais certains chercheurs ressentent aujourd'hui la n&#233;cessit&#233; de s'en d&#233;partir pour comprendre autrement le vivant. C'est particuli&#232;rement vrai pour tous les scientifiques qui sont confront&#233;s &#224; des &#171; populations &#187;, que cela soit des populations d'animaux chez les &#233;thologues, de cellules chez les biologistes, ou de neurones pour les neurobiologistes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le rythme dans sa d&#233;finition m&#233;trique et num&#233;rique ne peut pas expliquer comment fonctionne un banc de poisson, un vol d'&#233;tourneaux ou un amas de neurones. Ce sont des populations interconnect&#233;es dont les interactions fonctionnent &#224; toute vitesse. Elles produisent des formes, des moments critiques et des bifurcations sans d&#233;cideur central. Selon moi, on est devant une forme rythmique, un &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;. Or ce mod&#232;le, il semble bien qu'on puisse aussi l'appliquer au fonctionnement de notre soci&#233;t&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; L'approche rythmique est donc une th&#233;orie de la complexit&#233; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Autrefois, les sciences sociales ont partag&#233; avec la biologie et la cybern&#233;tique la notion de syst&#232;me. Celle-ci impliquait une organisation diff&#233;renci&#233;e qui, gr&#226;ce &#224; des &#233;changes internes mais aussi avec le milieu externe, assurait sa reproduction. Aujourd'hui, il me semble que l'approche rythmique va au-del&#224; de cette vision apparent&#233;e &#224; la notion d'organisme et se rapproche en effet des th&#233;ories de la complexit&#233;. Si elle est con&#231;ue comme &lt;i&gt;rhuthmique&lt;/i&gt;, la rythmanalyse permet de penser et d&#233;crire de grandes populations qui avancent ensemble en interagissant. Donc plut&#244;t que de syst&#232;mes, je parlerais plut&#244;t de populations dont tous les &#233;l&#233;ments sont en interaction constante et qui entretiennent de ce fait des relations organis&#233;es et souvent assez stables. C'est le mouvement g&#233;n&#233;ral ou plut&#244;t les techniques rythmiques qui organisent ce mouvement, avec leurs forces et leurs tensions, qui font que les individus singuliers ou collectifs, qui y apparaissent et y durent un certain temps, poss&#232;dent une certaine puissance d'agir et d'exister.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour d&#233;crire cette qualit&#233; individuante des diff&#233;rentes formes rythmiques, j'ai emprunt&#233; au po&#232;te &lt;a href=&#034;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossip_Mandelstam&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Ossip Mandelstam&lt;/a&gt; le concept de &lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article459' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&#171; rythmicit&#233; &#187;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans un article de 1920, celui-ci remarquait que, pendant la r&#233;volution de 1917, les masses avaient coordonn&#233; leurs rythmes. Gr&#226;ce &#224; de fortes interactions entre toutes leurs composantes, elles avaient r&#233;ussi &#224; renverser le pouvoir tsariste et, ce faisant, &#224; faire &#233;merger des individus plus conscients et agissants. Mais il mettait en garde les Bolcheviques pour la suite car, disait-il, &#224; d&#233;faut de conserver cette &#171; rythmicit&#233; &#187;, on aurait &#171; le collectivisme sans la collectivit&#233; &#187;. Il ne s'&#233;tait pas tromp&#233;. Ainsi, pour lui, seule une collectivit&#233; poss&#233;dant une forte rythmicit&#233; permet aux individus de s'&#233;panouir enti&#232;rement. &#192; cela, il faut, me semble-t-il, ajouter bien s&#251;r que cette rythmicit&#233; doit se mesurer au niveau des formes d'interaction sociale, mais aussi au niveau des formes d'usage des corps et des formes du langage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi aujourd'hui, nous avons le plus souvent affaire &#224; des soci&#233;t&#233;s ou des groupes &#224; tr&#232;s faible rythmicit&#233;, c'est-&#224;-dire domin&#233;s par des techniques qui emp&#234;chent les individus de se d&#233;velopper et d'agir. Ces techniques sont, tout d'abord, toutes celles qui participent de la liqu&#233;faction et &#224; l'acc&#233;l&#233;ration extr&#234;me des choses. D'une part, les corps sont de plus en plus souvent branch&#233;s sur le march&#233; et la consommation, les discours sont r&#233;duits &#224; l'information et au divertissement, et le conflit est noy&#233; dans l'&#233;change &#233;conomique, la judiciarisation et le jeu de partis politiques hors-sols. De l'autre, l'urgence, qui s'est impos&#233;e depuis les ann&#233;es 1990, organise les activit&#233;s des corps, du langage et de la socialit&#233; selon des mani&#232;res qui r&#233;duisent &#224; la fois la vari&#233;t&#233; et l'intensit&#233; de nos vies. Dans ces soci&#233;t&#233;s, les individus sont ind&#233;pendants mais tr&#232;s peu autonomes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#192; cela, il faut toutefois ajouter tous les projets et parfois pratiques politiques visant &#224; imposer une loi d&#233;finie sur des bases int&#233;gristes, qu'elles soient religieuses ou la&#239;ques, ou encore m&#233;langeant les deux. Dans ces projets et pratiques, les mani&#232;res corporelles et langagi&#232;res sont align&#233;es sur des mod&#232;les fixistes d&#233;finis autoritairement par un petit nombre d'hommes, pendant que la s&#233;paration et le conflit sont devenus les seuls crit&#232;res &#233;thiques et politiques, aux d&#233;pens de l'alliance et du m&#233;lange. Souvent, ce n'est pas un hasard, ces pratiques en reviennent des formes m&#233;triques strictes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Par quoi passe l'imposition des rythmes d'organisation des soci&#233;t&#233;s alors ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Je viens d'&#233;voquer tr&#232;s rapidement les rythmes du langage mais, comme ils sont en g&#233;n&#233;ral laiss&#233;s de c&#244;t&#233; par les sociologues, il vaut la peine de s'y arr&#234;ter un peu. Les rythmes du langage, la fa&#231;on d'organiser le discours, l'&#233;change, c'est-&#224;-dire la qualit&#233; langagi&#232;re sont d&#233;terminants pour la qualit&#233; de l'individuation, c'est-&#224;-dire de la construction des individus, mais aussi des soci&#233;t&#233;s. Les mani&#232;res de se parler, de se comprendre, de partager les discours et de les faire circuler entre les individus, d&#233;termine en grande partie comment on acc&#232;de au sujet et comment on vit ensemble.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les m&#233;dias traditionnels et maintenant les r&#233;seaux sociaux, on peut rep&#233;rer, par exemple, deux grandes tendances oppos&#233;es. D'une part, c'est plut&#244;t le cas des m&#233;dias traditionnels et de la t&#233;l&#233;vision &#171; globale &#187;, on cherche &#224; fluidifier les discours en passant d'un th&#232;me &#224; l'autre sans jamais vraiment approfondir. On &#171; fait couler l'information &#187;. L'objectif de ces mani&#232;res de parler est double : d'une part, il s'agit de rendre le discours compatible avec les r&#233;quisits du march&#233;, il faut qu'il soit produit et consomm&#233; en masse ; d'autre part, il s'agit d'&#233;viter de provoquer des contradictions, des protestations, des contractions, qui pourraient ralentir le flux d'informations voire amener &#224; contester la logique dominante de la fluidit&#233; elle-m&#234;me. Parall&#232;lement, c'est plut&#244;t le cas cette fois des r&#233;seaux sociaux, m&#234;me si certaines cha&#238;nes de t&#233;l&#233;vision en participent &#233;galement, on voit aussi se d&#233;velopper des logiques langagi&#232;res tr&#232;s agressives, qui utilisent les d&#233;nonciations, les fausses nouvelles, les attaques personnelles prof&#233;r&#233;es sur le ton du bateleur ou du bonimenteur. Dans ces cas, &#224; l'inverse des pr&#233;c&#233;dents, les discours se contractent et se figent, ce qui &#233;tait fluide devient visqueux voire carr&#233;ment p&#226;teux, mais on voit bien que cette tendance n'est que l'image invers&#233;e et solidaire de la pr&#233;c&#233;dente. Or, si les mani&#232;res de parler permises, recommand&#233;es ou impos&#233;es se limitent &#224; la liqu&#233;faction ou &#224; la contraction du discours, on aura bien du mal &#224; b&#226;tir un meilleur vivre ensemble. Par ailleurs, l'accession des individus au sujet en sera d'autant plus difficile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#8212; Ce type de consid&#233;ration sur le langage renvoie en fait &#224; une forme de mod&#232;le de soci&#233;t&#233; qui, pour le coup, est tr&#232;s concret.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Tout &#224; fait. C'est la derni&#232;re dimension importante dans cette affaire : celle des rythmes m&#234;me de la socialit&#233;, ou pour le dire autrement, celle de l'organisation temporelle des interactions entre individus, qu'ils soient singuliers ou collectifs. &#192; ce niveau, les anthropologues comme &lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2175' class=&#034;spip_in&#034; hreflang=&#034;en&#034;&gt;Evans-Pritchard&lt;/a&gt; l'ont montr&#233;, l'individuation est d'autant plus forte que la soci&#233;t&#233; permet et m&#234;me favorise l'alternance du conflit et de l'alliance. Pour obtenir un individualisme puissant mais non repli&#233; sur lui-m&#234;me, il faut que les acteurs puissent s'associer et s'opposer r&#233;guli&#232;rement sans que cela se bloque. Il faut une sorte d'&#233;quilibre rythmique des relations. Il faut que les individus puissent s'opposer entre eux et aussi aux divers groupes auxquels ils appartiennent, &#224; certains moments, sur certains sujets, tout en restant en mesure, &#224; d'autres moments, de s'associer de nouveau et de participer pleinement &#224; ces groupes. On retrouve cette id&#233;e, sous une forme peut-&#234;tre un peu moins &#233;labor&#233;e mais cette fois plac&#233;e explicitement sous l'&#233;gide du concept de rythme, dans le cours de &lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article1394' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;Roland Barthes&lt;/a&gt; au Coll&#232;ge de France o&#249; il introduit la notion d'&#171; idiorrythmie &#187;. Un groupe ou une soci&#233;t&#233; idiorrythmique permet &#224; chacun de trouver un rythme de vie propre, &#224; distance du groupe autant que n&#233;cessaire, mais sans jamais tomber dans la marginalisation et la guerre de tous contre tous.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L' &#171; anarchie ordonn&#233;e &#187; d'Evans-Pritchard et l'&#171; idiorrythmie &#187; de Barthes nous offrent ainsi deux mani&#232;res, fond&#233;es sur des observations anthropologiques et historiques, de d&#233;finir les qualit&#233;s &#233;thiques et politiques d'un rythme social. &#192; nous aujourd'hui de prolonger th&#233;oriquement et pratiquement leurs intuitions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bibliographie indicative :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Probl&#232;mes de rythmanalyse&lt;/i&gt;, 2 vol., Paris, Rhuthmos, coll. &#171; Rythmanalyses &#187;, 2022, 270 p. et 256 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elements of Rhythmology. V. A Rhythmic Constellation &#8211; The 1980&lt;/i&gt;s, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2021, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 442 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elements of Rhythmology. IV. A Rhythmic Constellation &#8211; The 1970s&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2021, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 312 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elements of Rhythmology. III. The Spread of Metron &#8211; From the 1840s to the 1910s&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2019, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 400 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elements of Rhythmology. II. From the Renaissance to the 19th Century&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2018, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 338 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elements of Rhythmology. I. Antiquity&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2018, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 372 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rythmologie baroque. Spinoza, Leibniz, Diderot&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2015, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 501 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Marcel Mauss retrouv&#233;. Origines de l'anthropologie du rythme&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 1&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;re&lt;/sup&gt; &#233;d. 2010, 2de &#233;d. 2015, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 130 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les Rythmes du politique. D&#233;mocratie et capitalisme mondialis&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 1&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;re&lt;/sup&gt; &#233;d. 2007, 2de &#233;d. 2015, coll. &#171; Rythmanalyses &#187;, 316 p.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rythme, pouvoir, mondialisation&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 1&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;re&lt;/sup&gt; &#233;d. 2005, 2de &#233;d. 2016, coll. &#171; Rythmologies &#187;, 492 p.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Cellular Vessel
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2999</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2999</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-06-10T09:36:26Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Leo Singer
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Cellular Vessel from Trick Film on Vimeo. The animated documentary introduces a theory of rhythms into an environmental justice issue : the desynchronization between the pace of the expanding port of Liverpool and the grounded rhythms of local residents. In order to identify the biosocial mechanisms that connect the macro with the micro scales and generate chronic illness, the film takes you on a journey seeking for circadian rhythms, pulsating inside body cells and timing our key body (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;iframe src=&#034;https://player.vimeo.com/video/726354154?h=2dd543fac3&#034; width=&#034;620&#034; height=&#034;480&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; allow=&#034;autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture&#034; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com/726354154&#034;&gt;Cellular Vessel&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com/trickfilm&#034;&gt;Trick Film&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&#034;https://vimeo.com&#034;&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
The animated documentary introduces a theory of rhythms into an environmental justice issue : the desynchronization between the pace of the expanding port of Liverpool and the grounded rhythms of local residents. In order to identify the biosocial mechanisms that connect the macro with the micro scales and generate chronic illness, the film takes you on a journey seeking for circadian rhythms, pulsating inside body cells and timing our key body functions. From overflowing polyrhythmia, through heavy dysrhythmia to the darkness of arrhythmia, the film departs from Lefebvre's determinism when a hopeful counter-rhythm in the heart of the community is found.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Agencies of the human/non-human actors and infrastructures are a matter of lively debate in the social sciences and humanities. With this background in mind, the film shifts its analytical focus from ontology to mapping out mechanisms of change across geographic scales : how does the toxicity of expanding global trade get &#8216;under our skin', how is it locally and situationally embodied ? And how do our ill bodies act in response ? This aim is captured in the film's title. Cellular Vessel is the term used for a typical container ship but it also refers to our body cells and vessels acting as bio-social pathways of embodiment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Given the strong emphasis on Henri Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis in the exploration of biosocial disruption, we started off with identifying moments and spaces of &#8216;polyrhythmia' in the affected community. Within this assemblage, rhythms were captured and presented by the means of video, drawing and animation. The second and the third parts of the film called Dysrhythmia and Counter-rhythm add more complexity by including recorded interviews with local residents. Originally recorded music is another sensual layer chosen to deliver the sense of rhythmic/circadian synchronization alternating with moments of desynchronization. The film is a collaboration between Leo Singer (University of Liverpool) who wrote the script and collaborated on the actual production with the filmmaker and animator Janet Brandon, and the musician Merlyn Sturt. Issues related to the circadian rhythm were consulted with chronobiologist Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan (University of Liverpool). The film was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
The film is part of my broader interest in rhythmic synchronization and desynchronization as constitutive elements of biosocial synthesis. More specifically, my case study is the interaction between the rhythms of the port of Liverpool and the everyday life of its workers and residents. The logistic area in focus suffers from the externalities of the global social metabolism mediated by the expanding port : political abandonment, growing volumes of lorry traffic and a whole range of environmental stressors generate rising levels of premature death and multimorbidity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Making of the film proved to be an important entry point into the local community. Despite initial problems, I managed to gain their trust and build relationships. This was proved when 35 local residents attended the first public screening of Cellular Vessel, in the heart of their community, followed by a lively discussion about local environmental crisis. Building on this, the next step in my research will zoom in to the toxic fires and smokes from the docks' scrap metal yards and their dysrhythmic appearance in the lives of the local residents with spikes in COPD emergency admissions. The theoretical aim is to understand the embodiment of socio-metabolic toxicity as life course rhythmic entrainment cascading from the global through the everyday down to the cellular levels of the biosocial totality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
The film is part of a research into dysrhythmia, more on that from D&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;r&lt;/sup&gt;. Leo Singer &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.dysrhythmiauk.wordpress.com&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Mondes rythmiques futurs
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2962</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2962</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-02-13T05:30:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Pascal Michon
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Ce texte est un extrait d'une r&#233;flexion sur les arts contemporains tir&#233; de Probl&#232;mes de rythmanalyse, vol. 2, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2022, pp. 204-208. L'envergure effective de ces transformations appara&#238;t en pleine lumi&#232;re lorsque l'on interroge leur port&#233;e &#233;thique et politique. Cela fait d&#233;j&#224; bien longtemps, en effet, que certains penseurs ont not&#233; les dimensions rythmanalytiques de l'activit&#233; artistique. D&#232;s les derni&#232;res ann&#233;es du XIX&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, Gabriel Tarde et Georg Simmel ont pu estimer (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ce texte est un extrait d'une r&#233;flexion sur les arts contemporains tir&#233; de&lt;/i&gt; Probl&#232;mes de rythmanalyse, vol. 2, &lt;i&gt;Paris, Rhuthmos, 2022, pp. 204-208.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
L'envergure effective de ces transformations appara&#238;t en pleine lumi&#232;re lorsque l'on interroge leur port&#233;e &#233;thique et politique. Cela fait d&#233;j&#224; bien longtemps, en effet, que certains penseurs ont not&#233; les dimensions rythmanalytiques de l'activit&#233; artistique. D&#232;s les derni&#232;res ann&#233;es du XIX&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle, Gabriel Tarde et Georg Simmel ont pu estimer que les extensions de l'usage du vers libre, de la d&#233;composition impressionniste, des modulations rythmiques et du chromatisme musical &#224; la fin du XIX&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&#232;cle n'&#233;taient certainement pas sans rapports avec la fluidification rapide et puissante des soci&#233;t&#233;s en cours, la transformation de la vie dans les grandes villes et la naissance de nouvelles formes de socialisation li&#233;es &#224; la diffusion de la presse et des nouveaux moyens de communication : les publics. De m&#234;me, dans les ann&#233;es 1920, Siegfried Kracauer a &#233;crit des pages m&#233;morables sur les &lt;i&gt;Tiller girls&lt;/i&gt; et les rapports entre leurs chor&#233;graphies m&#233;canis&#233;es et les mouvements impos&#233;s aux ouvriers dans les usines tayloris&#233;es de la seconde r&#233;volution industrielle. Quelques ann&#233;es plus tard, Walter Benjamin a pour sa part soulign&#233; les rapports &#233;troits entre les rythmes po&#233;tiques totalement in&#233;dits des vers et des proses de Baudelaire, et les chocs et stimuli nouveaux g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;s par la vie dans les grandes villes modernes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Aujourd'hui, la r&#233;&#233;mergence des pr&#233;occupations rythmiques dans les &#339;uvres de certains artistes para&#238;t, elle aussi, directement li&#233;e &#224; la mutation que nous venons de traverser et qui nous a fait basculer d'un monde syst&#233;mique &#224; un monde flexr&#233;ticulaire. Les formes de critique qu'ils d&#233;ploient &#224; l'&#233;gard de cette mutation ne rel&#232;vent plus, bien entendu, des mod&#232;les philosophiques &#233;labor&#233;s &#224; l'aube de la p&#233;riode moderne. Il ne s'agit plus simplement pour eux de remettre en question des traditions ou des injustices au nom de la seule libert&#233; des individus &#233;conomiques comme chez Adam Smith et ses innombrables successeurs, ni du reste au nom d'un libre examen des pr&#233;jug&#233;s, comme celui promu par les principaux penseurs des Lumi&#232;res, ou m&#234;me d'une application d'imp&#233;ratifs moraux cat&#233;goriques, comme le sugg&#233;rait Kant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Toutefois, ces nouvelles formes de critique ne se manifestent pas non plus, &#224; la mani&#232;re de Hegel et de bien des marxistes, &#224; travers une &#171; dialectique &#187; qui nierait et maintiendrait &#224; la fois le donn&#233; concret afin de pr&#233;parer un &#171; d&#233;passement &#233;tatique et/ou r&#233;volutionnaire &#187;, ni d'ailleurs comme une &#171; analyse &#187; de type r&#233;aliste ou positiviste qui se limiterait &#224; &#233;tablir, d'une mani&#232;re totalement &#171; neutre &#187;, les &#171; faits &#187;, la &#171; r&#233;alit&#233; de la vie &#187;, &#171; &lt;i&gt;wie es eigentlich gewesen ist&lt;/i&gt; &#187; comme disait Ranke. La dialectique faisait de l'abstraction d'un apr&#232;s coup le point de vue d'o&#249; observer tout processus critique et pratique. Elle pr&#233;supposait l'id&#233;e qu'il serait possible d'agir dans l'Histoire au nom d'une V&#233;rit&#233; et d'un Bien absolus, qui certes ne seraient pas imm&#233;diatement donn&#233;s mais dont on pourrait escompter qu'ils le soient un jour. Mais le r&#233;alisme et le positivisme, pour leur part, absolutisaient le donn&#233;. Toute critique &#233;tait subordonn&#233;e &#224; leurs yeux &#224; un &#234;tre-l&#224; du monde qui rendait au fond d&#233;risoire toute remise en question.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&#192; l'encontre de toutes ces abstractions, les pratiques artistiques contemporaines savent que leur force critique ne leur vient pas de leur indexation sur des &#171; normes &#187; morales et politiques abstraitement &#171; universelles &#187;, ni sur un &#171; esprit absolu &#187; qui les appellerait &#224; lui de la toute fin de l'histoire, ni m&#234;me sur le &#171; monde &#187; qui les pr&#233;c&#232;de et qu'elles devraient simplement d&#233;crire et accepter pour ce qu'il &#171; est &#187;. Comme on le voit tr&#232;s bien chez Maguy Marin ou chez &#201;lise Lerat et le Collectif Allog&#232;ne, elles revendiquent leur concr&#233;tude et leur historicit&#233; propres, c'est-&#224;-dire &#224; la fois leur inscription dans le tissu social et historique contemporain, et une part d'inachev&#233;, d'ouverture, d'infini. Elles retrouvent ainsi une v&#233;rit&#233; po&#233;tique assez simple : la critique d&#233;ploy&#233;e par l'art est toujours simultan&#233;ment au premier et au dernier degr&#233;, et c'est pourquoi elle peut dire le vrai et le juste sans n&#233;cessairement le savoir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Cela &#233;tant, cette concr&#233;tude et cette historicit&#233; de la critique ne doivent pas &#234;tre comprises comme on le faisait souvent au si&#232;cle dernier en s'inspirant assez librement de Nietzsche ou de Freud. Significativement, ces nouvelles pratiques artistiques ne se r&#233;clament plus de la &#171; critique &#224; coups de marteau &#187; et de la &#171; plong&#233;e dans les eaux de l'inconscient &#187;, qui ont connu la fortune que l'on sait apr&#232;s la Premi&#232;re Guerre mondiale puis dans le sillage des mouvements des ann&#233;es 1960. Elles ne cherchent plus, en s'appuyant sur les pulsions et les forces les plus profondes, &#224; rompre les r&#233;seaux de significations et de valeurs impos&#233;es, par un &#171; &#233;miettement du tout &#187; et une strat&#233;gie de l' &#171; esquive &#187; et du &#171; masque &#187;. Elles r&#233;cusent le mythe du &#171; grand saut &#187;. Elles n'essayent plus d'imiter Artaud et Bataille, et ne jouent plus les sayn&#232;tes d&#233;j&#224; &#233;crites de la rupture ou de la dispersion. Elles savent l'inanit&#233; de ces folies bien calcul&#233;es, de ces jeux sur les mots qui miment lourdement l'inconscient.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;D'une mani&#232;re qui surprendra peut-&#234;tre certains lecteurs, Deleuze et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&#192; l'inverse, le maintien, en d&#233;pit de cet attachement au concret et &#224; l'historicit&#233;, de la vocation &#233;thique et politique des artistes va &#224; l'encontre, il faut aussi le souligner, de toutes les formes de d&#233;construction para-mystique, qui se sont multipli&#233;es ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es. Beaucoup d'artistes se sont en effet laiss&#233; prendre, on l'a not&#233;, &#224; des discours philosophiques qui, tout en mettant ostensiblement en avant leur rapport &#224; la &#171; Po&#233;sie &#187; et &#224; l'&#171; Art &#187;, ne cessaient de rem&#226;cher leur ressentiment d&#251;, autrefois chez le dernier Heidegger, &#224; l'effondrement du r&#233;gime nazi qu'il avait soutenu, et, chez nombre de ses disciples, un peu plus tard, &#224; leur d&#233;senchantement &#224; l'&#233;gard du marxisme et du freudisme, auxquels ils avaient de leur c&#244;t&#233; confi&#233; toute leur foi. De leur point de vue de croyants flou&#233;s &#224; qui on ne le ferait plus, toute critique, tout projet et tout engagement &#233;thiques et politiques pr&#233;supposaient, plus ou moins profond&#233;ment cach&#233;, un pr&#233;jug&#233; &#171; substantialiste &#187;, &#171; techniciste &#187; et &#171; anthropocentrique &#187;. Il fallait donc, affirmaient-ils du haut de leurs tours d'ivoire fissur&#233;es, &#171; cesser de critiquer &#187; pour &#171; se mettre &#224; l'&#233;coute de l'&#202;tre &#187;, c'est-&#224;-dire, dans la version plut&#244;t classicisante propos&#233;e par Gadamer, de ce que nos &#171; Anc&#234;tres &#187; pouvaient nous avoir transmis par l'interm&#233;diaire de nos &#171; Traditions &#187; et de notre &#171; Langue &#187; ou, dans la version plus moderne de Derrida qui se voulait plus au fait des derni&#232;res d&#233;couvertes de la linguistique et de la s&#233;miotique, de s'approcher au plus pr&#232;s d'un &#202;tre toujours &#171; diff&#233;rant &#187;, en acceptant la dispersion et la diss&#233;mination du sens et des valeurs au sein des mondes sans fonds et sans consistance constitu&#233;s par les &#171; Signes &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Aujourd'hui, ces tentations d'autodissolution des artistes et de l'art, qui ont connu un temps un certain succ&#232;s, semblent heureusement en net recul. Les le&#231;ons que les artistes tirent eux-m&#234;mes de leur pratique l'emportent sur les discours tr&#232;s &#233;loign&#233;s de la r&#233;alit&#233; tenus par les philosophes. Quand un artiste produit une &#339;uvre d'art ou quand nous en traversons une, c'est en effet &#224; chaque fois cette activit&#233; tout &#224; fait singuli&#232;re qui fait exister la &#171; tradition &#187;, la &#171; langue &#187;, la &#171; culture &#187; et les &#171; signes &#187;, et les unes et les autres n'ont en dehors de cette activit&#233; aucune r&#233;alit&#233; intrins&#232;que. La force critique de l'art ne se dilue donc pas dans ses pr&#233;tendues conditions ontologiques, herm&#233;neutiques ou s&#233;miotiques, et s'exprime au contraire dans les rythmes transsubjectifs que la moindre activit&#233; artistique fait appara&#238;tre, dans les modulations de leur puissance, c'est-&#224;-dire ce qu'ils seront capables de faire aux rythmes des individus singuliers ou collectifs qu'ils traverseront &#224; l'avenir. Cette force est celle qui fa&#231;onnera les mondes rythmiques futurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Aujourd'hui comme hier, la critique artistique ne rel&#232;ve donc pas d'une simple diff&#233;renciation &#224; l'&#233;gard du pass&#233;, ni d'un progr&#232;s quasi automatique vers un futur id&#233;al, ni d'une pr&#233;tendue neutralit&#233; &#224; l'&#233;gard du donn&#233; historique, ni d'une mise en pi&#232;ces des croyances et des id&#233;ologies cens&#233;e permettre de retrouver enfin la vie brute, ni d'un jeu toujours perdant avec la tradition, la langue, la culture ou les signes dans lesquels nous serions &#171; toujours d&#233;j&#224; jet&#233;s &#187;. La force critique des artistes est consubstantielle &#224; leur capacit&#233; de cr&#233;er des &#339;uvres qui rassemblent toutes les dimensions du pr&#233;sent, des plus insupportables aux plus lumineuses, et qui, en d&#233;pit de cet ancrage primordial, pourront se perp&#233;tuer &#224; l'avenir &#224; travers des cha&#238;nes d'individus singuliers ou collectifs extr&#234;mement &#233;tendues.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
En ce sens, cette force critique ne peut &#234;tre qu'une recherche inachevable du sens &#224; donner &#224; l' &#171; homme &#187; et donc aux soci&#233;t&#233;s et aux cultures dans lesquelles il vit. L'art fait, depuis toujours et d'une mani&#232;re bien plus large que n'a pu le faire bien souvent la philosophie, ce que Foucault avait commenc&#233; &#224; entrevoir, &#224; la fin de sa vie, chez Baudelaire : il probl&#233;matise la vie.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualit&#233;. Vol. 2. L'usage des plaisirs, Paris, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; Un auteur injustement oubli&#233; de l'entre-deux-guerres, Bernard Groethuysen l'avait d&#233;j&#224; bien compris. Dans son &lt;i&gt;Anthropologie philosophique&lt;/i&gt;, il &#233;crivait ainsi, &#224; propos de saint Augustin mais son constat valait pour toute anthropologie historique :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'homme est la cr&#233;ature probl&#233;matique de l'univers non-probl&#233;matique de la nature. Un arbre, un animal ne se mettent pas en question. Seul l'homme est pour lui-m&#234;me un probl&#232;me.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;B. Groethuysen, Anthropologie philosophique [1931], Paris, Gallimard, 1980, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est l&#224; le sens &#233;thique et politique de toute &#339;uvre et de toute analyse artistique auquel &#233;tait d&#233;j&#224; sensible, &#224; la m&#234;me &#233;poque, Walter Benjamin qui lui aussi, comme Foucault, &#233;tait fascin&#233; par Baudelaire et sa puissance po&#233;tique. Certes, les Lumi&#232;res ont pris une anthropologie particuli&#232;re, la leur, &lt;i&gt;abstraitement universaliste&lt;/i&gt;, pour une anthropologie g&#233;n&#233;rale, mais les critiques r&#233;actionnaires comme du reste les critiques anarchisantes port&#233;es contre les Lumi&#232;res ont jet&#233;, pour leur part, le b&#233;b&#233; avec l'eau du bain. La r&#233;alit&#233; anthropologique &lt;i&gt;existe&lt;/i&gt; bel et bien, m&#234;me s'il faut la concevoir comme &lt;i&gt;radicalement historique&lt;/i&gt;, c'est-&#224;-dire &#224; la fois comme concr&#232;te et inscrite dans une situation historique, ou comme sp&#233;cifique et irr&#233;ductible &#224; des caract&#232;res purement universels, mais en m&#234;me temps, probl&#233;matique, ouverte vers le partage et l'avenir, et donc irr&#233;ductible &#224; des caract&#232;res purement locaux. De ce point de vue, les arts, quel que soit le m&#233;dium choisi, sont des pratiques qui, par &lt;i&gt;les rythmes qu'ils inventent&lt;/i&gt;, ne cessent d'affronter &lt;i&gt;la radicale historicit&#233; de l'homme&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;D'une mani&#232;re qui surprendra peut-&#234;tre certains lecteurs, Deleuze et Guattari avaient d&#233;j&#224; signal&#233; ces d&#233;voiements de Nietzsche et Freud dans &lt;i&gt;Mille plateaux, op.cit.&lt;/i&gt; Voir &#224; cet &#233;gard &lt;i&gt;Elements of Rhythmology. A Rhythmic Constellation. The 1980s&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2021, pp. 329-330.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;M. Foucault, &lt;i&gt;Histoire de la sexualit&#233;. Vol. 2. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'usage des plaisirs&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Gallimard, 1984, pp. 17-18. Pour une analyse &#233;clairante de ce th&#232;me, M. Potte-Bonneville, &lt;i&gt;Michel Foucault, l'inqui&#233;tude de l'histoire&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, PUF, 2004, chap. VI.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmla&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;csfoo htmlb&#034;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;B. Groethuysen, &lt;i&gt;Anthropologie philosophique&lt;/i&gt; [1931], Paris, Gallimard, 1980, p. 122. Sur Groethuysen, P. Michon, &lt;i&gt;&#201;l&#233;ments d'une histoire du sujet&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Kim&#233;, 1999, chap. IV.&lt;/p&gt;
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Edgar Morin and the Rhuthmoi of Machines &#8211; Part 1
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2510</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2510</guid>
		<dc:date>2020-02-08T07:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Pascal Michon
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Previous chapter Having established key notions concerning the ubiquity of disorder in the universe and the looping of disorder and order during evolution, Morin was interested in elaborating further this loop when it resulted in &#8220;active organization,&#8221; for which he coined the portmanteau &#8220;organizaction.&#8221; Although the concept of organization had already substantially improved the concept of system, by introducing into it interrelations, tensions, active antagonisms, emergence of new (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;From Organization Theory to Machine Theory&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;From Organization Theory to Machine Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Rhuthmic Theory of Self&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Rhuthmic Theory of Self&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2509' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Previous chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Having established key notions concerning the ubiquity of disorder in the universe and the looping of disorder and order during evolution, Morin was interested in elaborating further this loop when it resulted in &#8220;active organization,&#8221; for which he coined the portmanteau &#8220;organizaction.&#8221; Although the concept of organization had already substantially improved the concept of system, by introducing into it interrelations, tensions, active antagonisms, emergence of new qualities, as well as development of new constraints, it still lacked proper dynamism. It was not yet entirely active and productive.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;From Organization Theory to Machine Theory&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Significantly, Morin started the second part of his book by recalling the fundamental dynamism of the cosmos in a section pleasantly entitled, in a Biblical fashion, &#8220;In the Beginning Was Action&#8221; (p. 153).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Physis &lt;/i&gt;is active. The cosmos is active. [...] These interactions, reactions, transactions, retroactions have generated the fundamental organizations which populate our universe, atoms and stars. These billions upon billions of beings are not at all assemblages of fixed elements, organizations at rest. They are all in permanent activity. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 153)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This, as we will see below, was not as trivial as it might seem because it clearly put Morin, as Serres but also Deleuze and Guattari, on the side of a generalized pragmatism, in which language was only secondary to energy, force, and action. We shall return to this vexing point later because it bears significant rhythmological consequences.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Based on this general introductory point, Morin declared that &#8220;the major and fundamental fact of &lt;i&gt;physis &lt;/i&gt;[was] not only the idea of organization, but the idea of &lt;i&gt;active organization. &lt;/i&gt;Systems at rest or fixed [were] second and secondary&#8221; (p. 154). But, since every physical being, whose activity included work, transformation, and production, &#8220;could be conceived as a machine,&#8221; he announced that he was going to demonstrate &#8220;that every active organization constitutes in fact a machine organization&#8221; (p. 154).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
To develop a general machine theory, Morin first distinguished &#8220;wild actions&#8221; which were effected &#8220;haphazardly by encounters between separate processes&#8221; from &#8220;actions of a machine-being,&#8221; which were produced &#8220;in function of organizational properties.&#8221; This distinction allowed him to specify the concept of machine with those of &#8220;competence&#8221; and &#8220;praxis.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I call &lt;i&gt;competence &lt;/i&gt;the organizational aptitude to condition or determine a certain diversity of actions/transformations/productions, and I call &lt;i&gt;praxis &lt;/i&gt;the set of activities which effect transformations, productions, performances starting from &lt;i&gt;competence. &lt;/i&gt;Praxis concerns actions which always have an organizational character. [...] &lt;i&gt;A machine is, thus, a praxic physical being, that &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;is&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;to say effecting &lt;/i&gt;its &lt;i&gt;transformations, productions, or performances by virtue of an organizational competence.&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 155)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Secondly, generally speaking, machines could equally make, remake, or unmake forms; in other words, they could in the same way construct or destroy. Living machines, for instance, could &#8220;simultaneously destroy, construct, meta-morphose&#8221; (p. 156). However, unlike Deleuze and Guattari, Morin rejected war machines, that constituted &#8220;the only machines which produce[d] exclusively destruction.&#8221; Those were exclusively historical and social machines: &#8220;Whereas in nature death and destruction come in a disorderly and irregular way, death machines organize annihilation on demand and systematically&#8221; (p. 157, n. 4). More valuable to him were the machines giving birth to new organizations. Those were productive either of &lt;i&gt;fabrication&lt;/i&gt;, when work was &#8220;mainly organizing and multiplying of the same,&#8221; or of &lt;i&gt;creation&lt;/i&gt;, when preponderance was given to &#8220;the generativity of the system and the newness of the product&#8221; (p. 157). Some, as the living machines, associated &#8220;poietic generation&#8221; and &#8220;multiplication of copy of the same&#8221; in the process called reproduction (p. 157).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Thirdly, the term &#8220;machine&#8221; should be freed from its reduction to sheer mechanical or even cybernetic &#8220;artifact&#8221; related to its industrial history (p. 158). By contrast, it should be meant as &#8220;complex sets or arrangements&#8221; which combined &#8220;creation and production,&#8221; and Morin added, noticeably: &#8220;practice and poetry.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The word machine must be &#8220;felt&#8221; also in the pre-industrial or extra-industrial meaning where it designated complex sets or arrangements whose functioning is nonetheless regular and regulated: the &#8220;round machine&#8221; of La Fontaine, the political machine, the administrative machine... Above all, we must feel it in its poietic dimension, a term which combines creation and production, practice and poetry. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 158)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In short, machines were the basic units that allowed the unfolding of the evolutionary process of matter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, machine-beings participate in the process of growth, multiplication, complexification of organization in the world. Through them genesis is prolonged, pursued, metamorphosed, in and by production. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 157)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This theory allowed Morin to claim that the concept of machine perfectly applied to &#8220;all active organizations known in the universe,&#8221; except perhaps to the atom (p. 159) which he considered later as &#8220;an endo-machine, an introactive machine permanently practicing internal exchanges, on occasion external exchanges&#8221; (p. 230). Every star, like our sun, was &#8220;the most archaic of motors, [the most archaic of machines], the most archaic of regulatory system&#8221; (p. 159, my mod.). On earth, every atmospheric whirlwind or aquatic swirl, despite it was impermanent and fed by exterior forces, was a &#8220;wild motor,&#8221; that is a &#8220;protomachine&#8221; (p. 161). Even living beings were machines, provided, naturally, that the term machine was not meant any more in the mechanical and clockwork sense it had in the theory of animal-machines formulated by Descartes but as in the latest biological theory of Humberto Maturana (1928-) and Francisco Varela (1946-2001) (p. 163).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Today we must conceive the machine, not as a mechanism, but as praxis, production, and &lt;i&gt;poiesis. &lt;/i&gt;In this sense living beings are auto-poietic existents (Maturana &amp; Varela, 1972),&lt;i&gt; formulation where life is not reduced to the idea of machine but includes the idea of machine, in its&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;strongest and richest sense: organization simultaneously productive, reproductive, self-reproductive&lt;/i&gt;. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 163)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin extended his machine theory even to animal and human societies (p. 164), to states (he cited Mumford, 1973, p. 165), and, most remarkably, to languages. The latter could not be reduced to structures, as in structuralist theories, but had to be considered as &#8220;machines,&#8221; that is as both &lt;i&gt;pragmatic&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;poietic&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now language, and this has remained unnoticed because it is invisible and apparently immaterial, is a real machine which evidently functions only when there is a speaker. [...] the language machine produces words, statements, meaning, which themselves lock into the anthropo-social praxis, possibly causing actions and performances therein. This language machine joins these two productive qualities: the quasi-unlimited creation &lt;i&gt;(poiesis) &lt;/i&gt;of statements and the quasi-unlimited transmission/reproduction of messages. It is a machine both repetitive and poietic. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 164-165)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&lt;i&gt;All that is biological, human, social, is&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; active &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;organization, namely a machine.&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 169-170)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quite noticeably, Morin considered the &#8220;language-machine,&#8221; with its &#8220;double articulation,&#8221; as the basis of &#8220;hominization.&#8221; But, as we will see this was partly in contradiction with his fundamental pragmatism and quite debatably implied reducing language to an organization that was only second to society.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Therefore, we can say that &lt;i&gt;the great revolution of hominization &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;is not&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; only culture: it is the constitution of this language-machine, &lt;/i&gt;with a very highly complex organization (the &#8220;double articulation&#8221; phonetics/semantics), and which, on the inside of the anthropo-social machine, totally and manifoldly engaged in all its processes of communication/organization, is necessary to its existence as well as to its development. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 165)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With this evolutionary view, Morin reversed the most common perspectives, that is, not only the traditional mechanical perspective but also the cybernetic one. Artificial machines, even the latest computers, were actually both mere extensions of physical and biological machines and born &#8220;from the development of the anthropo-social machine&#8221; (p. 166). From Norbert Wiener's (1894-1964) pioneering contribution, cybernetics had beneficially highlighted the concept of machine but it had abusively severed it from its natural as well as its social and historical embedment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cybernetics, in revealing the physical being of a machine, has totally hidden not only the social megamachine of which it is only one moment and one element, but also the key problem of organizational &lt;i&gt;generativity&lt;/i&gt;, proper to all physical, biological, and social machines, except artificial machines. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 168)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In tune with the post-1968 spirit, Morin thus accused cybernetics of concealing subjugation under a merely technical appearance. The promotion of a dissocialized computer science was part of a state politics which pretended to impose upon society the same authoritarian type of command.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is the enslaving organization of the first historical megamachines [the Egyptian and Middle-East states] which prolonged and developed on, in and by the organization of the physical being which is the artificial machine. [...] It is, then, by a disturbing aberration that this fundamentally dependent machine, enslaved and enslaving, totally deprived of its own generativity and &lt;i&gt;poiesis&lt;/i&gt;, has been promoted by cybernetics as the Archetype of all machines. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 169)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This broad reflection concerning the concept of machine seemed at first to be quite far from our preoccupations but it led Morin to emphasize an important trait of machines, apart of course from the artificial ones: their auto-generativity, in other words their way to produce, organize, reorganize, maintain, at least for a certain period of time, &#8220;&lt;i&gt;leur soi&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; their self.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now, all the machines (physical, biological, social) which we have seen, with the exception of artificial machines, are endowed with internal generative and regenerative virtues: they are producers-of-self, organizers-of-self, reorganizers-of-self, their &lt;i&gt;poiesis &lt;/i&gt;is identified in the first place with the permanent production of their own being. Even the swirl, this naked and wild motor, produces continuously, reorganizes continuously its own being. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 178)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;By introducing the issue of self into the theory of machine, Morin was naturally to provoke severe criticisms from shortsighted critics. But, as far as we are concerned, this looked as a logical development of his reflection by way of which he was facing an important question for rhythmology: how to describe the specificity&#8212;and therefore the artistic, ethical, or political quality&#8212;of a manner of flowing, of a &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;. What is the nature of the self of &#8220;natural machines,&#8221; be they physical, living, or human?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Therefore, what we must question now is this level of generativity and &lt;i&gt;poiesis &lt;/i&gt;hidden in the artificial concept of machine. It is the whole problem of organizational infrastructure, of the immerged and obscure part in every theory of active organization, in every theory of machine. And we are led thereby to raise a notion unknown in the artificial machine: it has being, it does not have a self. The self is born in the continuous production and organization of its own being. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 178)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rhuthmic &lt;/i&gt; Theory of Self&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the next chapter, Morin elaborated the idea of machine self. Every organized machine&#8212;in the broad sense Morin had previously defined&#8212;was able to maintain, at least for a time and despite the perturbations and accidents, its specificity, its singularity, its self, whatever we call it, thanks to recurring loops. This meant, naturally, that the self should be thought of not only as a psychological concept but as a larger ontological category elaborating further that of individuation that had been progressively specified in previous sections through the terms system, organization and machine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
The idea of loop, Morin insisted, should not be reduced, as in cybernetics, to the mere circulation of information, even if the latter could play a significant role like in living beings. The loop had a much larger organizational power. It was actually the fundamental basis that allowed &#8220;&lt;i&gt;the passage from the thermodynamics of disorder to the dynamics of organization&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; and that gave birth to &#8220;a new, active being which continue[d] its experience in and by the looping,&#8221; that is, the production and continuation of a particular self.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We must introduce information into the loop, and not reduce the loop to information. Let us recapitulate the organizational characters of the retroactive loop. To say that it is genesic is to say that it transforms turbulent, disorganized, dispersed, or antagonistic processes into active organization. &lt;i&gt;It effects the passage from the thermodynamics of disorder to the dynamics of organization. &lt;/i&gt;Interactions become retroactive; divergent or antagonistic sequences give birth to anew, active being which will continue its experience in and by the looping. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 182)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin used an evocative metaphor to describe the &#8220;ontological aspect,&#8221; i.e. both the generative and stabilizing powers of the loop. It acted like &#8220;a whirling blender&#8221; giving &#8220;a first consistency&#8221; to being and existence, like a kind of primordial &#8220;mayonnaise.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And here the ontological aspect of the stationary state must be emphasized all the more because it is commonly ignored. Like mayonnaise under the whirling blender, being and existence take a first consistency, under the effect of recursion, in and by the stationary state. In fact, starting with disorder, generative movement produces an internal order and determinism; starting with general statistical improbability, it produces a local and temporary probability of existence. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 186)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The role of recursive loops already appeared with &#8220;protomachines&#8221; as whirls and &#8220;arkhe-machines&#8221; as stars, but it was particularly obvious in living beings whose &#8220;global loops&#8221; were supported by series of &#8220;multiple and diverse loops.&#8221; Just like, for Lucretius, an apparently solid building was actually founded on a set of whirls, living beings were, for Morin, based on a &#8220;retroactive looping on itself&#8221; supported by &#8220;diverse [physiological] loops.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The true form of a living being is not so much the architectural one of an edifice of components: it is that of a retroactive looping on itself starting with multiple and diverse loops (circulation of blood, air, hormones, food, nervous impulses, etc.). Each of these loops generates and regenerates the other. The global loop is concomitantly the product and the producer of these special loops. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 182)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here we see that the idea of loop was the exact dynamic counterpart of the idea of machine or active organized system. It described its temporal functioning. But, in addition, it was also the basis for its particular way of being, better, of existing. The loops performed, in each particular being, &#8220;production-of-self,&#8221; &#8220;regeneration,&#8221; and &#8220;permanent reorganization&#8221; (p. 183-184). The self was thus defined as &#8220;uninterrupted re-beginning, melded with its existence.&#8221; It was a flowing self.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Production-of-self: the term signifies that it is the retroactive/recursive process which produces the system, and which produces it without discontinuity, in uninterrupted re-beginning which is melded with its existence. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 184)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin clearly stated the rhythmological, or better yet, &lt;i&gt;rhuthmological&lt;/i&gt; point at stake in his inquiry. Nothing was &#8220;outside of flux.&#8221; Organization was constituted of elements &#8220;in transit,&#8221; &#8220;crossed by flux, degradation, renewal.&#8221; However, &#8220;the uninterrupted turnover produce[d] constant forms.&#8221; In and by &#8220;disequilibrium&#8221; or &#8220;instability,&#8221; recursive organizations produced &#8220;stationary states, homeostases, that is to say a certain form of equilibrium.&#8221; This was the &#8220;wonder&#8221; or the &#8220;paradox&#8221; that had to be examined.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Where there is a recursive loop, there is nothing which is outside of flux, degradation, renewal. Organization itself is constituted of elements in transit; it is crossed by flux, degradation, renewal. The wonder, the paradox, the problem is that this permanent and generalized activity produces stationary states, that the uninterrupted turnover produces constant forms, that becoming continuously creates being. As we are going to see, recursive organizations are organizations which, in and by disequilibrium, in and by instability, in and by an increase in entropy, produce stationary states, homeostases, that is to say a certain form of equilibrium, a certain form of stability, a certain form of constancy, a true morphostasis. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 184)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The loop implemented a generative circulation because at each cycle some innovation could occur. The final state was not simply the return to the initial state; a slight difference was always introduced. The machine thus had the capacity to regenerate itself, to constantly reorganize itself, and to fight against entropy. In short, it could maintain a &#8220;stationary state&#8221; which, paradoxically, was &#8220;not stable.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
The &#8220;steady state&#8221; or &#8220;stationary state&#8221; was the basis of the persistence of the machine self through time. For living beings, this state was what Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945) had named in 1926 &#8220;homeostasis,&#8221; to describe and extend Claude Bernard's (1813-1878) &#8220;milieu int&#233;rieur&#8221; concept.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To be, in fact, is to remain constant in one's forms, organization, genericity, namely in one's identity. The stationary state constitutes, thus, the primary state of a being endowed with active organization. And, for the living being, homeostasis, a complex of stationary states through which the organism maintains its constancy, is identified with the being of this organism. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 186)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, Morin commented this idea with words that, once again, recalled Lucretius. Indeed, the stationary state was not reached and maintained &#8220;&lt;i&gt;although &lt;/i&gt;there is disequilibrium, instability, movement, change&#8221; but &#8220;&lt;i&gt;because&lt;/i&gt; there is disequilibrium, instability, movement, change&#8221; (p. 185).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, therefore, in order to conceive of any active organization, any natural machine, we must couple in a central way the ideas of equilibrium and disequilibrium, stability and instability, dynamism and constancy; but this coupling must be conceived as a &lt;i&gt;looping&lt;/i&gt;, that is to say a recursive relation between these terms forming the circuit, where what is generated generates in its turn what generates it. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 187)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The existence of steady beings within permanent flux required &#8220;the property to regain [a steady] state after small perturbations&#8221; (p. 185). In a sense, the steady state was a state of stability which supported variations and oscillations. However, this return to a stable state was not a mere return to rest. Since it resulted from the constant &#8220;turnover&#8221; or &#8220;renewal&#8221; of &#8220;its constitutive elements,&#8221; it actually meant, Morin underlined, a return to activity (p. 185). &#8220;Steady state include[d] instability as original virtue&#8221; (p. 187).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
To describe that particular kind of being &lt;i&gt;in&lt;/i&gt; time, Morin first evoked, as Gilbert Simondon (1924-1989) and Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995), the term &#8220;meta-stability&#8221; but found it too limited by its common physical use. He thus proposed &#8220;meta-instability&#8221; which was according to him, more adequate to the paradoxical idea of &#8220;stationary dynamism&#8221; (p. 187).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Machines could support variations and oscillations and maintain their steady state thanks to &#8220;internal regulation,&#8221; i.e. &#8220;negative retroaction&#8221; which tended &#8220;to annul the deviances and perturbations&#8221; (p. 188). Living machines, for instance, reproduced themselves by reproducing their components. But again, Morin insisted, this was not to be meant as in cybernetics. Regulation did not necessarily mean information. Regulation already existed in stars and whirls without being informational. Regulation, therefore, was directly based on the &#8220;recursive loop&#8221; and expressed the particular &lt;i&gt;poeisis&lt;/i&gt; power inscribed in &#8220;the play of solidarities and antagonisms.&#8221; Reversely, information was merely an evolutionary extension of regulation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We must base regulation, not on information, but on the recursive loop; the latter is not a device perfecting the automation, effectiveness, reliability of machines; it is generative of the very existence of being. [...] We are too used to looking for and finding regulation for correcting errors in a device and not in &lt;i&gt;poiesis &lt;/i&gt;where the play of solidarities and antagonisms makes a loop. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 188)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In short, every machine tended to a &#8220;stationary, constant, regulated, homeostatic&#8221; state that was driven by an inner self-reproductive power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For living beings as for suns, vortices, eddies, or flames, what is stationary, constant, regulated, homeostatic is undissociable from what is being, existence, production, regeneration, reorganization-of-self. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 193)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now, most machines, particularly living beings, were &#8220;open systems&#8221; involving matter/energy exchanges with the outside (p. 195). They could &#8220;never stop being open, [could] nowhere escape flux&#8221; (p. 198). The existence of these machines, Morin noticed, was woven &#8220;in an extreme ecological dependence and in a generalized opening&#8221; (p. 200).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Therefore, in addition to internal &lt;i&gt;poiesis&lt;/i&gt; power implemented through internal loops, the persistence of the self depended also from a regulation of the exchanges with the outside. Again, the latter was not primarily informational but performed through creative looping that involved, this time, both the internal functioning of the machine and that of its environment. Disorganization and reorganization were thus production-of-self in an environment that was both nourishing and destructive (pp. 201-202).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
This resulted, already in the most simple eco-dependent beings as vortices or eddies, in a &#8220;double self.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Eco-dependent beings have a double identity: an identity which sets them apart, an identity of ecological belonging which attaches them to their environment. The vortex is part of the movement of the winds, yet it has its own identity; the eddy is part of the river, in which it is nothing but a moment, and yet it has its own identity, with respect to which the river becomes an environment; but having become environment, the river is also part of the eddy. Always, somehow, an open system is part of its environment, which itself is part of the said system since it penetrates it, imbues it, co-produces it. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 201)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But this was true, naturally, also for living beings and particularly for human beings who, as any other open systems, enjoyed a &#8220;dependent autonomy&#8221; (p. 201).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Living beings have, in respect to eddies and vortices, an extraordinary autonomy of organization and behavior, which allows them to adapt to the environment, even to adapt the environment to themselves and to harness it. But they are in the same total ecological dependence as eddies, since their provisioning, needed every moment, comes only from that environment. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 200)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin concluded with one of the earliest ecological theories of self. Paradoxically, machines craving for autonomy such as human beings were actually totally &#8220;eco-dependent.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Such beings can build and maintain their existence, their autonomy, their individuality, their originality only in ecological relation, that is to say in and by dependence on their environment. &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 202)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Therefore, self or identity could not any longer be reduced to sheer isolation and self-sufficiency. They should be thought of as the flowing results of a global loop simultaneously supported by internal loops and integrated in environmental loops.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The principle of ecological relation opens definitively the closed concept of identity which isolates objects in self-sufficiency, excluding from its principle alterity as well as environment. The eco-dependent being always has a double identity because it includes its environment in the most intimate part of its identity principle. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 206)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is of no surprise, then, that Morin initiated the section dedicated to summarize his reflection on &#8220;the production of the self&#8221; with a quote from Diderot: &lt;i&gt;&#8220;Everything &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;in nature dreams of itself and only of itself&#8221; &lt;/i&gt;(p. 208). He was not only paying homage to the creator of the first &lt;i&gt;Encyclop&#233;die&lt;/i&gt;; he was also consciously resuming with his materialist theory of self which, as the reader may know, was itself partly drawn from Spinoza's concept of &lt;i&gt;conatus&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; striving to persevere in being (&lt;i&gt;Ethics&lt;/i&gt;, III, 7 &#8211; on Spinoza's and Diderot's baroque &lt;i&gt;rhuthmology&lt;/i&gt;, see Michon, 2015a).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
This unspoken genealogy had naturally some significant bearing on our rhythmological reflection since it clearly showed that Morin knew to be part of a theoretical trend that I called, in the first volume of this survey, the &#8220;&lt;i&gt;rhuthmic&lt;/i&gt; paradigm,&#8221; even if he did not refer to the concept of &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; itself. He quite consciously proposed a &lt;i&gt;rhuthmic&lt;/i&gt; theory of self, without naturally using the term itself.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
According to Morin, any machine self was produced by &#8220;emergence&#8221; in the course of the internal and external loops it was supported by. The cosmic generativity principle allowed that something new was added to its mere functioning.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Recursion which produces the same on the same &lt;i&gt;(re), &lt;/i&gt;producing and reproducing itself by itself, causes a reality of an altogether new order to emerge. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 210)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But at the same time, this machine self was able to &#8220;produce its own being.&#8221; It was itself the cause of both its &#8220;emergence&#8221; and &#8220;existence.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is the production of a being which has some &lt;i&gt;self&lt;/i&gt;, and which, because it has some &lt;i&gt;self &lt;/i&gt;can produce its own being. The self produces that which causes it to be born and to exist. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 210)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin entirely assumed the circularity of the argument. It was, according to him, the only way to escape the traditional Greek equivalence of the being with itself.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The principle of identity is not: Self = Self. &lt;i&gt;Identity arises, not as a static equivalence between two substantial terms, but as an active principle stemming from a recursive logic. &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 210)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin shared with a lot of his contemporaries the desire to desubstantialize, i.e. temporalize the self, but instead of introducing into it an essential temporality related to its embeddedness in &lt;i&gt;die Sprache&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; the language of a community, as Gadamer, or in &lt;i&gt;la langue&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; a differential structure composed of signs, as Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), he drew on the last cosmo-genesis and life-emergence theories.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Unlike the in-itself [Fr. &lt;i&gt;l'en-soi&lt;/i&gt;] of philosophical substantialisms, this identity needs a third element (energy flow, ecological relation, paternity of another self) which it includes and excludes. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 210)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This theoretical choice&#8212;that encompassed language but also society, life and physical world&#8212;explains why, contrary to Gadamer or Derrida, Morin did not consider that the self was in any way diminished by its being in time or its incessant becoming. On the contrary, the self was all the more solid given that it was always changing. All open machines, from the simplest eddy to the most complex human consciousness, were endowed with self.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The idea of Self is capital. It constitutes the original and fundamental closing of the open system. It is the nuclear idea of the autonomy of machine-beings (non-artificial). With the self we are at the source of what will become the &lt;i&gt;autos &lt;/i&gt;proper to the living being (auto-organization), a notion which we will place at the heart of all existential individuality. And, from loop to loop, we will arrive at the recursive loop which is both the most closed and the most open possible: man's consciousness. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 211)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin was well aware of this strategic difference with his contemporaries who remained quite foreign to materialism. He stressed that &#8220;desubstantializing&#8221; could and must &#8220;rediscover being, existence, and self on condition that it plunge into the problematic of the &lt;i&gt;physis.&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We see here that organizationism, while being radically desubstantializing and &#8220;de-reifying,&#8221; can and must rediscover being, existence, and self, on condition that it plunge into the problematic of the &lt;i&gt;physis. &lt;/i&gt;This is because it leads us to discover organizational generativity. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 212)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2511' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Next chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Edgar Morin and the Rhuthmoi of Machines &#8211; Part 2
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2511</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2511</guid>
		<dc:date>2020-02-08T06:30:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Pascal Michon
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Previous chapter Ethics and Politics of Homeorrhesis &#8211; Steady Flow This rhuthmic theory of self resulted in an ethics and a politics that were quite different from those advocated, on the one hand, by Heideggerian and deconstructionist philosophers but also, on the other hand, by Wienerian and technique thinkers. In Morin's opinion, human brains and human societies were just complex machines among others. But he rejected the simplistic comparison with homeostatic and well regulated (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Ethics and Politics of Homeorrhesis &#8211; Steady Flow&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Ethics and Politics of Homeorrhesis &#8211; Steady Flow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;&#8220;En-cyclo-peding&#8221; Knowledge as Rhuthmic Thinking Practice&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;&#8220;En-cyclo-peding&#8221; Knowledge as Rhuthmic Thinking Practice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2510' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Previous chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Ethics and Politics of &lt;i&gt;Homeorrhesis &lt;/i&gt; &#8211; Steady Flow&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This &lt;i&gt;rhuthmic&lt;/i&gt; theory of self resulted in an ethics and a politics that were quite different from those advocated, on the one hand, by Heideggerian and deconstructionist philosophers but also, on the other hand, by Wienerian and technique thinkers. In Morin's opinion, human brains and human societies were just complex machines among others. But he rejected the simplistic comparison with homeostatic and well regulated organizations. He noticed that historical societies&#8212;but he could have added human individuals&#8212;were &#8220;commanded by Apparatuses which enslave[d] in every sense of the term, producing enormous works, imbued with unbridledness and violence, vowed to inter-destruction&#8221; (p. 220). Emphasizing the hubris of the latest industrial societies, he warned that what appeared as &#8220;regulation&#8221; by industrial growth actually &#8220;ruined&#8221; our &#8220;civilizations and cultures&#8221; and degraded and threatened with death &#8220;living eco-systems&#8221; and &#8220;by retroaction, humanity itself.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our sociaugurs had believed that we had finally arrived, in the middle of the twentieth century, at the grand regulation of industrial Society. In fact, we were, we are in the era of exponential and surexponential demographic, technical, economic megagrowths. Worse: what appeared to us to be the grand regulator, industrial growth (and which was, partially and for a time), ruined and continues to ruin civilizations and culture, triggering profound crises in the cultural tuff of our society and our existence, sacrificing and subordinating all other developments to the sole technoeconomical, degrading living eco-systems and threatening them with death, and, by retroaction, humanity itself... (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 220)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, Morin believed, modern individuals as well as societies were not doomed to failure. As for any other open machines, degradation and disorganization were indeed feeding positive retroaction and reorganization. &#8220;Positive retroaction awaken[ed] the genesic forces asleep in the humdrum of regulation&#8221; (p. 222).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
This led him to an extraordinary suggestion: while the 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century societies had believed hitherto in sheer &#8220;homeostasis&#8221; based on negative retroaction and regulation, they should now envisaged a &#8220;homeorrhesic vision of modern societies,&#8221; an ethical and political quality he specified as &#8220;becoming simultaneously open, creative, and self-regulating.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even the naive and terrifying folly of believing that industrial growth is in essence regulatory and ordering carried in itself, mutilated and falsified, a great idea which remains to be developed, that of a becoming simultaneously open, creative, and self-regulating. We would have to dream today no longer of a homeostatic but of a homeorrhesic vision of modern societies. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 221)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The emergence in Morin's reflection of the biological term &lt;i&gt;&#8220;homeorrhesis&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt;&#8221;&lt;/i&gt; lit. steady flow, forged by Conrad Hal Waddington (1905-1945) in the 1940s to characterize a dynamical system that returns to its trajectory, as opposed to a system that merely returns to a particular state &lt;i&gt;(homeostasis)&lt;/i&gt;, and its association with the ideas of &#8220;openness,&#8221; &#8220;creativity&#8221; and &#8220;self-regulation,&#8221; was reminiscent of Barthes' &lt;i&gt;idiorrhythmy&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
First, although it referred in both cases to a system observed over time, the distinction between &lt;i&gt;homeostasis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;homeorrhesis&lt;/i&gt; appeared close to the pre-Platonic distinction between &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; as &#8220;form in the instant of observation&#8221; and as &#8220;way of flowing.&#8221; Second, as we remember, Barthes tried to build an ethics and even a politics based on the personal choice of one's way of living, literally of a proper manner to make one's life flow within a community. So, while Barthes' ideal could be described as a community allowing a return to one's steady flow, Morin's ideal could reversely be described as a society performing idiorrhythmic regulation upon itself. Truly, Barthes's perspective was more focused on the individual, while Morin's was more oriented towards society, yet in both cases, ethics and politics were thought of as based on the quality of the life flow.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
By contrast, Morin was at odds with Lefebvre who, we remember, simplistically opposed cyclical-natural to linear-mechanical rhythms of life. Not only there was, in Morin's opinion, no fundamental opposition between natural and human/historical machines, but the so-called &#8220;linear rhythms&#8221; were not different from &#8220;cyclical rhythms.&#8221; They both belonged to the sphere of repetition. Instead, what was ethically and politically significant was the contrast between poietic/genesic and repetitive processes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a certain way, therefore, chaos remains present, transformed and transforming in the loop. [...] And the processes of genesis are pursued, but transformed into &lt;i&gt;poiesis &lt;/i&gt;and production in and by these machine-organizations. Genesis falls asleep, loses all &lt;i&gt;poiesis &lt;/i&gt;when the generative becomes purely repetitive, when regulations are only control and elimination of deviances, when production is only fabricative. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 224)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&#8220;En-cyclo-peding&#8221; Knowledge as &lt;i&gt;Rhuthmic &lt;/i&gt; Thinking Practice&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the end of the second part of his book, Morin summarized the first results of his survey on 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century physical, biological and social science. He found that a new articulation between &#8220;the domains of physics, biology, anthropo-sociology,&#8221; which were hitherto &#8220;non-communicating,&#8221; had emerged. Thanks to the &#8220;generic concept of machine-being,&#8221; on the one hand, and to the common &#8220;communicational organization&#8221; of &#8220;physical beings, biological organizations, and anthropo-social organizations,&#8221; on the other, &#8220;the three empires of physics, biology, anthropo-sociology&#8221; had been, he claimed, satisfactorily &#8220;articulated&#8221; (p. 273). Resuming with the oldest materialist doctrines, Morin argued that living beings as well as human societies were &lt;i&gt;genetically&lt;/i&gt; derived, even in a distant way, from the physical, but he added that this evolutionary dependency was, at the same time, &lt;i&gt;conceptually&lt;/i&gt; counterbalanced by a reverse inclusion of the physical in the biological and of the biological in the anthropo-sociological.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We are talking indeed, &lt;i&gt;but not solely, &lt;/i&gt;of founding the biological on the physical and the anthropo-sociological on the biological. [...] We are talking also, &lt;i&gt;but not solely&lt;/i&gt;, of conceiving physical organization inside biological organization, and biological organization inside anthropo-sociological organization. [...] We are talking also, &lt;i&gt;but not solely&lt;/i&gt;, of conceiving the physical concepts of machine, production, work, etc., as concepts emanating from our own culture and based not only on observations of &#8220;nature,&#8221; but also on the organization of our mentality, which returns us not only to the organization of human understanding, but also to the sociology of knowledge. (&lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 1, 1977, trans. J.-L. Roland B&#233;langer, 1992, p. 274)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Morin noticed that the concepts of &#8220;work&#8221; and &#8220;energy,&#8221; for instance, had migrated in the 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century from social praxis to classical physics or, more recently, the terms &#8220;communication,&#8221; &#8220;information,&#8221; &#8220;code,&#8221; &#8220;program,&#8221; &#8220;message,&#8221; &#8220;finality&#8221; from anthropo-social experience to cybernetics, then from there to biological organization, before returning under their new cyberneticized form into anthropo-social organization (p. 275). Such loops had always existed but it was now a matter of replacing those &#8220;clandestine circulation by deliberate circulation&#8221; in order to overcome both the noxious &#8220;disciplinary fragmentation,&#8221; and the superficial &#8220;transdisciplinary systemisms or cyberneticisms&#8221; which did not pose &#8220;the problems of their own foundation&#8221; (p. 276).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
In order to avoid both &lt;i&gt;&#8220;naivetes and blindnesses which conjointly reign today, the one of reductionist physicomorphism and the other of reductionist anthropo-sociomorphism&#8221;&lt;/i&gt; (p. 276), or, in terms that were reminiscent of Foucault's critique of the concept of &#8220;Man,&#8221; the &#8220;atomizing ideology&#8221; and the &#8220;mythology of man [as] sole being, sole existent, sole organizer, sole animator, sole creator&#8221; (p. 280), in other words, in order to oppose simultaneously sheer materialism and sheer culturalism, which were the two faces of the same coin, Morin thus envisaged thinking and knowing as activities that never rested and never stopped at any point. Thinking and knowing entailed constant circulation and looping between the three main domains: physics, biology, and socio-anthropology. This &lt;i&gt;method&lt;/i&gt; was what he called &#8220;en-cyclo-peding&#8221; knowledge and for what he is still famous today. Elaborating further what he had said before, he concluded that if there was a &#8220;meta-systemic point of view,&#8221; it was not hanging over the three main domains on a mysterious exterior position but was located in the circulation itself between those domains: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;he meta-system can only be a retroactive/recursive loop&#8221; &lt;/i&gt;(p. 277).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
This was not the first time that thinking and knowing were recognized as essentially flowing and that the scientific quality of a thought was explicitly related with its way of flowing, i.e. with its being &lt;i&gt;rhuthmic&lt;/i&gt;. This had been, in the 17&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 18&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; centuries, the main concern for a few philosophers such as Spinoza, Leibniz, and Diderot (see Michon, 2015a, 2018b). This was also, yet in different ways, a central issue, at the end of the 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and the beginning of the 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century for Bergson and Whitehead.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Naturally, Morin's attempt benefited from the latest scientific progress in the second half of the 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century and was therefore based on new concepts such as &#8220;generative principle,&#8221; &#8220;circulation&#8221; and &#8220;loop.&#8221; Yet, compared to some of his predecessors', as we will see, Morin's reflection was certainly lacking reference to a crucial issue: language. Without ignoring it, his characterization of the three main ontological domains: &lt;i&gt;physis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;bios&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;anthropos&lt;/i&gt;, was short-circuiting the language that was wrongly presented as merely internal to society. At the top of the pyramid of &#8220;organizing systems,&#8221; &#8220;machines&#8221; and &#8220;selves&#8221; that composed the universe, one was surprisingly missing. The one that precisely allowed to merely think and develop a six-volume long reflection.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;CENTER&gt;*&lt;/CENTER
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Read with Serres' contribution in mind, the first part of &lt;i&gt;Method&lt;/i&gt; appeared as a meticulous re-actualization of the Ancient physical &lt;i&gt;rhuthmic&lt;/i&gt; paradigm based on the latest scientific knowledge. Except in a few cases, it covered exactly the same subjects and suggested very comparable kinds of views.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
By contrast, the second part introduced new concerns about &#8220;active organizations,&#8221; &#8220;machines, &#8220;self,&#8221; and outlined the contours of a new ethics and politics, as well as a new theory of knowledge. However, most of these concepts were obvious re-elaborations of the theories already presented in the first part and shared the same &lt;i&gt;rhuthmic&lt;/i&gt; basis. &#8220;Active organizations&#8221; and &#8220;machines&#8221; depended on the intertwining of internal and environmental loops that resulted in a &#8220;flowing self.&#8221; And the ethical and political sketches as well as the brief theory of knowledge prolonging these concepts were based respectively on &lt;i&gt;homeorrhesis&lt;/i&gt;, that is, allowing the self to reach a &#8220;steady flow,&#8221; and on &#8220;en-cyclo-peding&#8221; knowledge, that is, making it properly flow through recursive loops.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2516' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Next chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Roland Barthes and the Idiorrhythms &#8211; Part 1
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2484</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2484</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-12-13T15:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Pascal Michon
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Previous chapter Roland Barthes (1915-1980) is as famous as Lefebvre and Foucault and does not need much of a biographical introduction either. Let us begin with his election in 1976&#8212;on a proposal from Foucault&#8212;to the chair of S&#233;miologie Litt&#233;raire at the Coll&#232;ge de France. The very next year, on January 12, he remarkably initiated his teaching with a lecture course on &#8220;idiorrhythm&#8221; from the Roman Empire to the 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century, entitled Comment vivre ensemble ? Simulation romanesque de (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Rhuthmos vs. Rhythm&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Rhuthmos vs. Rhythm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Idiorrhythmic Communities&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;Idiorrhythmic Communities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2705' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Previous chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Roland Barthes (1915-1980) is as famous as Lefebvre and Foucault and does not need much of a biographical introduction either. Let us begin with his election in 1976&#8212;on a proposal from Foucault&#8212;to the chair of &lt;i&gt;S&#233;miologie Litt&#233;raire&lt;/i&gt; at the Coll&#232;ge de France. The very next year, on January 12, he remarkably initiated his teaching with a lecture course on &#8220;idiorrhythm&#8221; from the Roman Empire to the 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century, entitled &lt;i&gt;Comment vivre ensemble ? Simulation romanesque de quelques espaces quotidiens &lt;/i&gt;&#8211; &lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Novelistic Simulations of Some Everyday Spaces&lt;/i&gt; (2012, trans. Kate Briggs).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
In this strange lecture, which confused his literary followers but subtly echoed Lefebvre's concern with space and everyday life as much as Foucault's research on disciplinary communities, Roland Barthes began to reflect on what could be&#8212;on the opposite side of the rhythmic spectrum described by both his predecessors&#8212;a community in which everyone would follow his or her own rhythms, i.e. his or her &#8220;idiorrhythms,&#8221; instead of being subjected to a common regulation of life that he or she could not choose nor oppose.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Rhuthmos vs. &lt;/i&gt; Rhythm&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To explore this issue, Barthes first developed a thorough analysis of the history of monasticism. He spotted a great contrast between coenobitic communitarian monks, who were constrained by strict rules, and others, called &#8220;idiorrhythmic,&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;where each individual literally lives according to his own rhythm. The monks have their own individual cells, where (other than at particular times of celebration in the year) they take their meals and are permitted to keep any personal items they owned at the time of taking their vows. [...] In these peculiar communities, even [the liturgies] are optional, with the exception of compline. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 178, n. 23, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, Barthes noticed, this opposition and the term &#8220;idiorrhythmic&#8221; itself took their full meaning only if referred to a very special acceptation of the term &#8220;rhythm.&#8221; He then recapitulated Benveniste's famous article on &#8220;The concept of &#8220;rhythm&#8221; in its linguistic expression&#8221; which dated back from 1951 but which had been recently republished in the collection of studies entitled &lt;i&gt;Probl&#232;mes de linguistique g&#233;n&#233;rale&lt;/i&gt; (1966) &#8211; &lt;i&gt;Problems in General Linguistics&lt;/i&gt; (1971, trans. Mary Elizabeth Meek).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Before Plato, who initiated the current metric and musical acceptation as a succession of arithmetically organized strong and weak beats or short and long time-lengths, the word &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; was used as a technical term by Materialist and Atomist philosophers. It meant, as &lt;i&gt;schema&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;eidos&lt;/i&gt;, a &#8220;form&#8221;; but whereas the latter&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;referred to &#8220;a fixed, fully developed form that's set down like an object,&#8221; for instance that of &#8220;a statue, an orator, or a choreographical figure,&#8221; &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; was denoting merely the &#8220;pattern of a fluid element,&#8221; a form of &#8220;that which is moving, mobile, fluid,&#8221; of that which has no &#8220;organic consistency,&#8221; for instance &#8220;a letter, a &lt;i&gt;peplos&lt;/i&gt;, a mood.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Origins: in ancient Ionian philosophy; for the creators of atomism, Leucippus, Democritus, it was a technical term. Prior to the Attic period, &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; never meant &#8220;rhythm,&#8221; it was never applied to the regular movement of the waves. The actual meaning is rather: a distinctive form, a proportioned figure, an arrangement; very close to and yet very different from &lt;i&gt;schema&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Schema&lt;/i&gt; [=] a fixed, fully developed form that's set down like an object (statue, orator, choreographical figure). &lt;i&gt;Schema&lt;/i&gt; &#8800; form, the instant it's assumed by something moving, mobile, fluid, the form of something that lacks organic consistency. &lt;i&gt;Rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; = the pattern of a fluid element (a letter, a &lt;i&gt;peplos&lt;/i&gt;, a mood), an improvised, changeable form. In atomism, one [specific] manner &lt;i&gt;[mani&#232;re particuli&#232;re]&lt;/i&gt; in which atoms can flow; a configuration without fixity or natural necessity: a &#8220;flowing&#8221; &lt;i&gt;[un fluement]&lt;/i&gt; (the musical, that is to say, modern meaning: Plato, &lt;i&gt;Philebus&lt;/i&gt;). (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 7, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Barthes did not insist on the pre-Platonic semantic spectrum of the term &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, which encompassed, on one end, an immobile form &#8220;the instant it's assumed by something moving,&#8221; as well as, on the other end, the &#8220;manner in which atoms can flow,&#8221; or a &#8220;flowing&#8221; (for a discussion of this spectrum, see Michon, 2010a, 2018a). But he clearly noticed it, even if he did not elaborate on it. If &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; most often meant the observed &lt;i&gt;form&lt;/i&gt; of something flowing &lt;i&gt;at a certain instant of time&lt;/i&gt;, it also referred, in the Atomist tradition, to a &lt;i&gt;way&lt;/i&gt; or a &lt;i&gt;manner &lt;/i&gt;of flowing of something observed &lt;i&gt;in the course of time&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Idiorrhythmic Communities&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With these very few lines, Barthes entirely transformed the framework within which the concept of rhythm had been mostly conceived and used until then. Compared to Lefebvre's and Foucault's forms of rhythmanalysis, Barthes' could draw on a much more elaborate rhythmology. By resuming with the pre-Platonic meaning of the concept of rhythm, as Henri Meschonnic during the same years (see below), he opened an entirely new space to the ethical and political reflection and possibly to the epistemological theory as well. Benveniste's demonstration allowed him to introduce into the discussion a utopian dimension which was only presupposed but not theoretically founded by Lefebvre and which was entirely missing in Foucault.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Historically, Barthes noticed, idiorrhythmic communities have indeed always referred to the most ancient acceptation of the term rhythm. Idiorrhythmy has always denoted &lt;i&gt;a particular&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;manner to make one's life flow&lt;/i&gt; as opposed to a regulated and imposed one.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1. Since &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; is by definition individual, idiorrhythm is almost a pleonasm: the interstices, the &lt;i&gt;fugitivity&lt;/i&gt; of the code, of the manner in which the individual inserts himself into the social (or natural) code.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
2. Has to do with subtle forms of way of life: moods, unstable configurations, phases of depression or elation; in short, the exact opposite of an inflexible, implacably regular cadence &lt;i&gt;[d'une cadence cassante&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; implacable de r&#233;gularit&#233;]&lt;/i&gt;. It's because rhythm acquired a repressive meaning (I refer you to the life-rhythm of a coenobite, or a phalansterian, whose activities are scheduled to the nearest quarter of an hour) that it was necessary to add the prefix &lt;i&gt;idios&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Idios&lt;/i&gt; &#8800; rhythm, &lt;i&gt;idios&lt;/i&gt; = &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, pp. 7-8)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In short, the idiorrhythmic anchorite communities appeared as the first known ethical and political offspring of the oldest Materialist science of nature. Their main objective was &#8220;to safeguard &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, that is to say, a flexible, free, mobile rhythm; a transitory, fleeting form, but a form nonetheless&#8221; (p. 35), against all attempts to rhythmically frame it, or if we may say so, &#8220;metrify&#8221; it, if not &#8220;petrify&#8221; it, according to the metric Platonic paradigm.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
On Mount Athos, for example, &#8220;each monk is [still nowadays] free to live at [his] own particular rhythm&#8221; (p. 33). One works if he wants but may also remain idle. There are no liturgical constraint and the monks enjoy significant tolerances for fasting and abstinence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[The idiorrhythmy was therefore based on] a flexible conception of constraint. No rules; merely a few &#8220;indications.&#8221; [Therefore] mobility and flexibility: it's always possible to lean more towards communal living or complete solitude. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 34)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These peculiar life forms were much less known, Barthes noticed, than those of the coenobitic monasticism. They were born in the Syrian and Egyptian desert, at the time when Christianity was not yet the official religion of the Roman Empire (late 3&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;-early 4&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century). Their original matrix was the groups of ascetics who gathered around Anthony in the desert south of Alexandria. After having developed freely for a few decades, they were suppressed and replaced by stricter coenobitic life forms, in which individuals were again subjected to communal rhythms. This reversal occurred during the period when, between the conversion of Constantine in 313 and the Edict of Theodosius in 380, Christianity passed from the status of persecuted belief to that of State religion. All the anchorites, hermits and other madmen of God, who lived according to their own &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, were then considered as dangerous visionaries and submitted to the authority of a superior (first the head of the house: the &lt;i&gt;praepositus&lt;/i&gt;, then a convent chief: the abbot, &lt;i&gt;Pater and Magister&lt;/i&gt;), as well as to a &#8220;rule&#8221; regulating both individual and common life (Pachomius in 314, Augustin in 395, Benedict in 516).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
In the West, with the exception of a few late and feebly subversive resurgences like the Beguines (13&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; to 16&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; centuries) or the Solitaries of Port-Royal (17&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century), the coenobitic form of monasticism prevailed. By contrast, in the East, idiorrhythmic practices have been perpetuated until our present day, particularly by a notable part of the monks of Mount Athos (those living in the rocky desert of the southern flank), while the monks of the northern flank were gathered into monasteries. However, at the end of the Byzantine Empire (15&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century) and especially from the time the Turks took over, the discipline everywhere relaxed and the &lt;i&gt;idiorrhythmy&lt;/i&gt; came back in force, even in the main monasteries (17&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century). Today, the monks are distributed either in coenobitic convents or idiorrhythmic clusters &#8220;both isolated from and in contact with one another within a particular type of structure&#8221; (p. 6).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
These idiorrhythmic communities and their historical fate constituted for Barthes subjects that greatly concerned our ethical and political reflection at least for two reasons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
On the one hand, they constituted social groups that were entirely dedicated to strengthening the individuation of their members, that is, groups in which both the singular and the collective dimensions of individuation were produced harmoniously, reason for which Barthes termed them, with a calculated oxymoron, &#8220;collective-individualistic structures&#8221; (p. 26). The idiorrhythmic practices, he noticed, made it possible to find the right balance between life for oneself and life for the others. They created an &#8220;median zone,&#8221; which Barthes praised as &#8220;utopian, Edenic, idyllic,&#8221; that lay between two forms of life both deemed &#8220;excessive&#8221;: complete withdrawal from society or compulsory interaction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Again: what we're looking for is a zone that falls between two excessive forms:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; an excessively negative form: solitude, eremitism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; an excessively assimilative form: [the &lt;i&gt;coenobium&lt;/i&gt; [convent, monastery], whether secular, as the Phalanstery, or nonsecular.]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; a median, utopian, Edenic, idyllic form: idiorrhythmy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 9, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These communities represented thus a kind of ideal from which we could consider transforming our own lives. They showed that &#8220;there's nothing contradictory about wanting to live alone and wanting to live together&#8221; (p. 4-5). In more political words, they provided sketches of a kind of &#8220;socialism&#8221; that would respect &#8220;the distance&#8221; between the individuals, or of &#8220;communities without collectivism,&#8221; to borrow an expression from Osip Mandelstam (1891-1938) in another attempt at outlining some principles of a politics of rhythm (see Michon, 2005/2016).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[It's] a fantasy of a life, a regime, a lifestyle, &lt;i&gt;diaitia&lt;/i&gt;, diet. Neither dual nor plural (collective). Something like solitude with regular interruptions: the paradox, the contradiction, the aporia of bringing distances together&#8212;the utopia of a socialism of distance. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 6)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the idiorrhythmic communities showed that it was possible to organize a social group without resorting to a vertical power. This was, for example, the main issue in the conflict between the politico-religious authorities of the time and the Jewish idiorrhythmic sect of Qumran, the Essenes (2&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; century BC to 1&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century AD).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Why this flight to the desert? Let's say: there were a [fundamentalist &#8211; &lt;i&gt;int&#233;griste&lt;/i&gt;] group. Opposed to the political and religious authorities in Jerusalem on the question of the calendar; the decision [taken by Jerusalem] to do away with the traditional liturgical calendar and replace it with the official Hellenistic moon-sun calendar. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, pp. 63-64, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Similarly, in the group settled in the desert of Alexandria, there was no leader, only an elder, Anthony (p. 64, 91). The ascetics practiced a &#8220;unregulated [or, closer to the French, wild]&#8221; idiorrhythmy that was not supervised by any overhanging institution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That unregulated state &lt;i&gt;[Cet &#233;tat sauvage]&lt;/i&gt; can be precisely characterized by the absence of bureaucracy, no state power, not even an embryonic form, absolutely no reified, institutionalized, objectified &lt;i&gt;[chosifi&#233;]&lt;/i&gt; relay between the individual and the microgroup. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 42, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Also on Mount Athos, there were at the beginning of the 20&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century nine idiorrhythmic monasteries (eight Greek and one Serbian) which formed a federation governed by a council (p. 31).&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The &#8220;idiorrhythmic constellations&#8221; (pp. 35, 51) thus escaped the control of higher powers. Their rhythmic freedom was what made them different from coenobites, whose way of life depended entirely on a rule and on the abbot to whom they had vowed obedience. Hence the head-turning equation established by Barthes: power = rhythm.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[There is] a consubstantial relationship between power and rhythm. Before anything else, the first thing that the power imposes is a rhythm (to everything: a rhythm of life, of time, of thought, of speech). (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 35)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And its clearly Anarchist counterpart: &#8220;The demand for idiorrhythmy is always made in opposition to power&#8221; (p. 35).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2485' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Next chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Roland Barthes and the Idiorrhythms &#8211; Part 2
</title>
		<link>https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2485</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2485</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-12-01T11:21:09Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Pascal Michon
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Previous chapter Idiorrhythmic Forms of Life Remarkably, especially if we think of Lefebvre and Foucault, Barthes paid a lot of attention to the &#8220;everyday life&#8221; in the idiorrhythmic communities. As a matter of fact, if politics was not to be confused with vertical power, it had to be grasped from the horizontal interactions of the members as well as from the personal life of each one of them. Barthes' description of the idiorrhythmic life crossed through successive layers. In a manner (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?rubrique50" rel="directory"&gt;Pour une &#233;thique et une politique du rythme
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_titre_avec_fond&#034;&gt; Sommaire &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;cs_sommaire_corps&#034;&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Idiorrhythmic Forms of Life&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_0'&gt;Idiorrhythmic Forms of Life&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;On Some Difficulties of Idiorrhythmy&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire_1'&gt;On Some Difficulties of Idiorrhythmy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2484' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Previous chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_0&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Idiorrhythmic Forms of Life&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Remarkably, especially if we think of Lefebvre and Foucault, Barthes paid a lot of attention to the &#8220;everyday life&#8221; in the idiorrhythmic communities. As a matter of fact, if politics was not to be confused with vertical power, it had to be grasped from the horizontal interactions of the members as well as from the personal life of each one of them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Barthes' description of the idiorrhythmic life crossed through successive layers. In a manner reminiscent of Mauss' and Evans-Pritchard's studies before WW2 (see Michon, 2005/2016), although he did not mention them, he first aimed at what could be termed &lt;i&gt;the rhythmic techniques of sociality&lt;/i&gt;, particularly the regular alternation of moments of solitude and moments of interaction (Michon, 2007/2015c).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
In the Alexandrian desert, for instance, everyone stayed alone five days a week; all practices were then entirely individual. By contrast, on Saturday afternoons and Sundays, all met at the church where they had a meal together &lt;i&gt;(agap&#232;)&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;then prayed collectively &lt;i&gt;(synaxis)&lt;/i&gt;, sold the baskets they had made during the preceding week and bought the palm fibers, the salt and patties they needed for the next one. This alternation was, Barthes noticed, &#8220;the idiorrhythmic model exactly: a balance between solitude and contact with other people&#8221; (p. 64). Similarly, on Mount Athos, there was no liturgical constraint; liturgies were optional, except for some night services and some big festivals. However, once a year, all idiorrhythmic monks acted as a united community by having a meal together.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Barthes paid particular attention to the rhythms of nutrition, a question whose importance had already been noted by Simmel around 1900 (see Michon, 2005/2016). The irregularity of meals in idiorrhythmic communities was partly linked to that of resources. The alternation of undernourishment and a sudden excess of food was common until late in the 19&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. Still in Brillat-Savarin (1755-1826), &#8220;the table [was seen] as display, as potlatch&#8221; (pp. 102-103). It was coenobitism that for the first time developed the systematic regulation of food. At first, in the rule of Saint Pachomius (314 AD), there was a daily alternation between one meal, taken freely by each monk, and another one taken together in a refectory. Then, from the rule of Saint Benedict (516 AD), the meals were mandatorily taken together according to a rigid schedule, while a monk read a pious text.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Then Barthes focused on the notion of space, in a manner that was this time strongly evocative of Lefebvre's notion of &#8220;appropriate space.&#8221; How space was concretely appropriated and used appeared to him as &#8220;the fundamental problem of Living-Together and consequently of this lecture course.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Living-Together, especially idiorrhythmic Living-Together, implies and ethics (or a physics) of a distance between cohabiting subjects. The problem is formidable one&#8212;without doubt the fundamental problem of Living-Together and consequently of this lecture course. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 72)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Barthes meticulously described the spaces in which experiences of idiorrhythmic life have been led through the ages: the desert, the Greek skites (&lt;i&gt;askitica&lt;/i&gt; = place of asceticism), the houses &lt;i&gt;(kellion)&lt;/i&gt;, the constellations of hermitages scattered on Mount Athos, the medieval beguine convents, and even the modern Sri Lankan convents. Whereas monasteries and phalansteries used one building or one integrated complex of buildings, all those places were built at a distance from one another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The very principle of the idiorrhythmic space (&#8800; phalansteries, monasteries, communities): small houses, hermitages inhabited by two of three people: &lt;i&gt;curtes&lt;/i&gt; [courtyard or atrium]; built in the precincts of a church + near a hospital and running water. That beguinal quarter ([=] a separate parish): high walls, its door kept open in the daytime. Has its own cemetery. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 39, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the desert mountains of Nitria, south of Alexandria, where, in the 4&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century, about 5 000 anchorites lived, including 600 of them out in deep desert, Barthes described the particular spatial arrangement of their quarters around a common &#8220;central service&#8221; area but at &#8220;some distance from the others,&#8221; that allowed them to visit each other while being able to live in solitude.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organizing principle: each subject lies in his own hut, situated at some distance from the others, meaning that they live in solitude but can still visit one another. Nitria: a very flexible model: Space: &#8220;the central services&#8221;: a large church, seven bread oven, a guesthouse [...] several doctors. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 39, same idea, p. 42 )&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Like Mauss describing the winter Eskimo dwellings grouped around the &lt;i&gt;kashim&lt;/i&gt;&#8212;the collective meeting house located at the center of the igloos (Michon, 2005/2016)&#8212;Barthes noted that these forms of habitat, he called &#8220;constellation,&#8221; were usually centered on a collective but uninhabited space which was the spatial representation of the absence of central power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thematic idea (the model, the productive configuration): the twelve tribes around the Tabernacle. Different groups spread around an uninhabited centre = the very principles of idiorrhythmic organizations (I'd like a less voluntarist term: constellations?). Cf. Nitria, Athos, beguinages, Port-Royal (empty center: the church, place where people eat). (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 51)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Digging even deeper, Barthes returned several times to the space of the cell or the chamber &lt;i&gt;(cella, kellia)&lt;/i&gt;, which, insofar as it enabled the individual to isolate him- or herself, constituted another spatial &#8220;foundation&#8221; of idiorrhythmy. In Ancient Times, the sleeping room combined matrimonial-family with warehouse functions. In Homer, &lt;i&gt;ho thalamos&lt;/i&gt; was both a bedroom and a repository where valuable goods were kept. By contrast, the 4&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century eremitic hut was one of the origins of the individual bedroom. It was a place and a tool that became indispensable for the development of idiorrhythmy. Hence the adage: &#8220;&lt;i&gt;cella continuata duscelcit&lt;/i&gt; (it is pleasant to remain in one's room)&#8221; (p. 52). And since everything that happened in the room was removed from the reach of supervision, Barthes concluded, like Virginia Woolf in &lt;i&gt;A Room of One's Own&lt;/i&gt;: the &#8220;fight for a room = the fight for freedom&#8221; (p. 52).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Borrowing from the American anthropologist Edward T. Hall (1914-2009) the notion of &#8220;proxemics,&#8221; i.e. the study of the human use of space, whether personal or public, in different cultures&lt;strong&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; Barthes' description finally focused on the few personal objects that accompanied the individual monks. The lamp and the bed, in particular, seemed to him significant idiorrhythmic tools. Like Walter Benjamin (Michon, 2005/2016), he noted that we badly needed a &#8220;history of lighting&#8221; because it directly determined the life forms (p. 112). Ceiling lamps were not favorable to &#8220;proxemics nor interiority.&#8221; Suspended lamps, by contrast, made possible a &#8220;family proxemics around the dinner table.&#8221; But only individual lamps created the conditions of a strong &#8220;individual proxemics&#8221; by isolating the writing desk and the armchair from the &#8220;dark nothingness&#8221; (pp. 112-113).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Concerning the bed, characterized as &#8220;the strongest form of proxemics [...] in some ways, a part of the body; a prosthesis of the body, like a fifth limb,&#8221; Barthes noted that &#8220;the Athonite monks (before monasteries were established) [had] no possession whatsoever, nowhere to live and no belongings, but would travel by foot, carrying their sole item of furniture on their backs: the mat they slept on at night&#8221; (p. 113).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Barthes described quite precisely the practices carried out within these spaces, noticing in passing the role of &lt;i&gt;the rhythmic techniques of the body and the discourse&lt;/i&gt; (Michon, 2007/2015c) which were interwoven with the techniques of the sociality previously described.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[Every anchorite governs himself &lt;i&gt;[se gouverne]&lt;/i&gt; as he sees fit]: private prayer + manual labor (basket-making, weaving, braiding), accompanied by chanting. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 25, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Similarly, in Nitria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lifestyle: six days in the &lt;i&gt;cella&lt;/i&gt;; weaving baskets while: meditatively reciting the Scriptures (&lt;i&gt;melete&lt;/i&gt;, looking after oneself, study, declamation, meditation). (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 64)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And later, on mount Athos, Barthes noticed, the prayer was strikingly &#8220;based on the cadences of respiration and the heart; [according to the] Byzantine pneumatology&#8221; (p. 31).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;outil_sommaire_1&#034;&gt;&lt;a title=&#034;Sommaire&#034; href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?id_rubrique=15&amp;page=backend#outil_sommaire' class=&#034;sommaire_ancre&#034;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;On Some Difficulties of Idiorrhythmy&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One specificity of Barthes' perspective was that it took into account the limits of the ethical and political experiences he described. If idiorrhythmy had a strong appeal, it had also some noticeable drawbacks that should not be hidden.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Unlike Foucault, whose latest studies in &lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;History of Sexuality&lt;/i&gt; (vol. 2 and 3, 1984) were entirely centered on the positive behaviors induced by the &#8220;&lt;i&gt;souci de soi&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; care of the self,&#8221; Barthes noted, parallel to the idyllic side of idiorrhythmy, the loss of self-esteem, the investment failure, the acedia &lt;i&gt;(ak&#232;dia)&lt;/i&gt; that sometimes affected the monks who lost any desire for asceticism or could no longer invest in it. Acedia was &#8220;the repeated, extenuated, insistent moment when you find you've had enough of our way of life, of our relationship to the world (to the &#8216;worldly')&#8221; (p. 22).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Barthes, moreover, never lost an opportunity to emphasize the final collapse of most idiorrhythmic communities, whether in the past or in the present, and the main reasons responsible for it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
In Greece, for example, some idiorrhythmic forms reappeared towards the end of the 14&lt;sup class=&#034;typo_exposants&#034;&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century, however it was due more to a certain leniency of the monastic institutions than because of a chosen life project. In addition, in these new idiorrhythmic communities, the reappearance of property led to &#8220;a reinstatement of a social divide&#8221; which opposed &#8220;those with a private income and those who had no revenue of their own: the &lt;i&gt;paramikri&lt;/i&gt;, often employed by the rich&#8221; (p. 34).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Similarly, in the 1920s in the USSR, or in the 1960s-1970s in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, most communities shattered because of the return of the couple and ownership (pp. 8, 42-43). They never clearly faced, Barthes commented, the contradiction between the desires and the needs. To take pleasure without limits, yes! but: &#8220;Thorny issue for modern &#8216;communes': Who does the washing up?&#8221; (p. 75).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Most idiorrhythmic communities could not but fail due to the weight of family and social models, to the difficulty to harmonize desires and needs, and naturally to the pressure of the power which immediately took advantage of these difficulties to destroy the original freedom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Vulnerability of marginality; the authorities, whether external (coenobitism) or internal (Qumran), are always ready to intervene. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 66)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As a matter of fact, in order to know &#8220;who does the washing up&#8221; or to avoid the return of the couple and ownership, the idiorrhythmic communities often converted to coenobitism and consequently to the vertical power associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Birth of coenobitism: the immediate and concomitant emergence of a bureaucratic apparatus, albeit just the beginnings of one. Executive agents: whoever was in charge for that week, the &#8220;&lt;i&gt;semainier&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; (the rule of Saint Pachomius and the rule of Saint Benedict). Bureaucratism: a vigilant deity lying in wait for the merest hint of an idiorrhythmic grouping, swooping down upon it the moment if starts to &#8220;take.&#8221; (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 42)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Barthes was keenly aware of the limitations of his ethical and political proposition. From the start of his course (session of January 12, 1977), he explicitly recognized it as a &#8220;fantasy&#8221; that was either impossible to achieve or could only fail (p. 6).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
It was, he explained, especially difficult to implement in the Modern world. Indeed, if, in order to match our contemporary way of life, we separated the idiorrhythmic group from its religious &lt;i&gt;telos&lt;/i&gt; (whether the search for perfection as in the West or the exercise of breathing-contemplation as in the East), all that was left was a vague &lt;i&gt;telos&lt;/i&gt; based on the mere search for happiness, pleasure, sociability, considered as an end in itself, as for instance in Sade's narratives. The idiorrhythmic group thus became an &#8220;homeostatic machine that runs by itself.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The group is defined as a pure homeostatic machine that runs by itself: a closed circuit of charge and expenditure. An idyllic view of worldliness: a machine with no goal, where there's no transformation, that generates pleasure in its purest form (cf. Sade's machines). (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 48)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Sadian imaginary representations of this utopian machine immediately revealed what made it impracticable. It presupposed a strict division of masters and servants into two worlds which were incommensurable with one another. It, above all, necessarily implied the &#8220;foreclosure of idiorrhythmy&#8221; (p. 45).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There's no &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, whether for the victims (that goes without saying) or for the libertines: meticulously timed schedules, obsessively observed rites, implacable rhythm. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 45)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even if one did not reduce the modern idiorrhythmy to the Sadian machines, such &#8220;homeostatic&#8221; form of life was not viable in the class and competition society we were living in.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Homeostatis&lt;/i&gt; of the group: would be possible in a utopian world that has no class structure and no language. Because the fact is, as soon as you have language (enunciation), you have the staging&#8212;or the setting up of a competition between&#8212;a system of positions. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 48)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Because of the phenomena of secularization and individualization of our lives, and perhaps also due to the very linguistic condition of human beings, idiorrhythmy appeared as an unachievable fantasy that defeated itself.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fantasy of the idiorrhythmic group: takes up the idea of Living-Together as &lt;i&gt;homeostasis&lt;/i&gt;, as the everlasting preservation of the pure pleasure of sociability. However, in a more philosophical manner, it sheds its worldliness (which can't be dissociated from competing for position) and fantasizes the following paradox: the idiorrhythmic project involves the impossible (superhuman) establishment of a group whose &lt;i&gt;Telos&lt;/i&gt; would be perpetually to destroy itself as a group. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 48)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another limitation acknowledged by Barthes was the impossibility to extend idiorrhythmy to the whole society. It seemed possible only in very small groups. It was, as Barthes noticed with a certain melancholy, a &#8220;fantasy of a free life lived among just a few other people&#8221; (p. 41).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[A] small, flexible [group] of several individuals who are attempting to live together (within a certain proximity to one another), while each preserving his or her &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 48, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It was more of a &#8220;domestic utopia&#8221; than a &#8220;social utopia&#8221; (p. 130). According to Barthes, the &#8220;optimal number&#8221; of an idiorrhythmic group &#8220;should be under ten&#8212;or under eight even&#8221; (p. 131).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
To these self-acknowledged limitations of the idiorrhythmic ethical and political ideal, we can add at least two other problems.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
First, the State appeared in Barthes' analyzes only in a negative and indirect way. Borrowing from Benveniste&#8212;and joining here probably without knowing it with Simmel and Granet (see Michon, 2005/2016) and soon with Deleuze &amp; Guattari (see below)&#8212;he noted that, etymologically, &lt;i&gt;Rex&lt;/i&gt; did not mean a leader but the one who traces lines &lt;i&gt;(regula, rego, or&#233;g&#244;)&lt;/i&gt;, in other words, the one who delimits the consecrated spaces (cities, territories) (pp. 114, 116). From this point of view, the rectangle was &#8220;the basic shape of power&#8221; (p. 114), sometimes taking the form of a square which was &#8220;a pure mental form (often esoteric) of the rectangle&#8221; (p. 114). Likewise, the rule &lt;i&gt;(regula)&lt;/i&gt; was &#8220;a way of stretching time out in a straight line, of delimiting zones (of time, of actions)&#8221; (p. 118).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
However, the actual relation of these metric rhythms to the idiorrhythms was not elaborated. They were simply presented as exclusive of each other.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The idiorrhythmy is an [individualist &#8211; &lt;i&gt;individualiste&lt;/i&gt;] solution to the crisis of power. I flee, I reject power, the world, systems; I want to create a life-structure that isn't a life-system &lt;i&gt;[une structure de vie qui ne soit pas un appareil de vie]&lt;/i&gt;. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 26, my mod.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
Anchorites, hermits marginalized themselves with respect to the State. Egypt: for the most part and above all, individuals avoiding taxation or military service. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 91)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In short, the State was conceived in a non-dialectical way as a structure imposing an order upon the naturally free individuals, as a sheer heteronomic principle opposed to any personal autonomy. But one could wonder if the protection and help provided by the State was not sometimes useful, especially for individuals in the poorer classes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
The second issue concerned the rhythmological assumptions that supported Barthes' perspective. Whereas he explicitly redefined the concept of rhythm according to Benveniste's rediscovery of its Ancient pre-Platonic meaning&#8212;and thus placed his essay in the continuity of a pragmatic linguistics of enunciation&#8212;he was often caught up by his former structuralist perspective. On the one hand, he noted with great accuracy the opposition of the &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; to any structure.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;: a rhythm that allows for approximation, for imperfection, for a supplement, a lack, an &lt;i&gt;idios&lt;/i&gt;: what doesn't fit the structure &lt;i&gt;[ce qui n'entre pas dans la structure]&lt;/i&gt;, or would have to be made to fit. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 35)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But, on the other hand, he stumbled against his own epistemological assumptions. He recognized that the structuralist opposition system was no longer able to describe idiorrhythmic phenomena, but he did not propose anything to replace it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That methodology is not interested in quantity, its concern is the opposition between terms, it is not especially interested in variations in quantity: strictly speaking the + and &#8211;, + and &#8211; are not notions that can partake of a structural analysis. (&lt;i&gt;How to live together&lt;/i&gt;, 1977, trans. Kate Briggs, 2012, p. 122, n. 3/p. 195)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is why the context in which the &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, the idiorrhythmy, were inserted, was still presented as structural and domineering, and the idiorrhythm itself as an excess or a mere deviation from cultural and social norms: &#8220;Remember Casal's formulation: rhythm is delay&#8221; (p. 35). But, as for his conception of the State, this view disregarded the real interaction between individuals and institutions and reduced power to a mere effect of the system or the structure, entirely escaping the action of individuals.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;CENTER&gt;*&lt;/CENTER&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
1. As we see, Barthes was going in the same direction as Lefebvre and Foucault.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
1.1 Since the old Structuralist universalism heralded by Levi-Strauss was dying, and mainstream Marxism was on the verge of collapse, since he also rejected as his two predecessors the coming neoindividualism and maybe its deconstructionist and postmodern counterparts, he too thought that the &lt;i&gt;rhythmic organization of life&lt;/i&gt; was worth historically studying and theoretically as well as ethically and politically elaborating.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
1.2 But, contrary to Lefebvre and Foucault, who concentrated on the actual rhythmic techniques of colonization of space and everyday life, or dressage and discipline, he explored the utopian side of rhythm, the new forms of life that could be opposed to these rhythmic techniques. Although it had no impact at the time, due mainly to a lack of publication and Barthes' sudden death three years later, his reflection on idiorrhythmic communities opened up a new and important line of research. This was the first time, at least in the second part of the 20&lt;s&gt;th&lt;/s&gt; century, that ethical and political theory were explicitly based on the notion of rhythm of life.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
2. We have seen that this major change of perspective was clearly allowed by the introduction into the debate of the notion of &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, as &#8220;impermanent form&#8221; as well maybe as &#8220;way of flowing.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
2.1 Since the latter was introduced and discussed during the very first session, we may even say that the whole lecture course &lt;i&gt;How to Live Together&lt;/i&gt; was actually a long comment, or a mere expansion of these introductory remarks concerning Benveniste's rhythmological contribution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
2.2 By resuming with the pre-Platonic concept of rhythm, Barthes was able to overcome some limitations of Lefebvre's as well as Foucault's attempts. Whereas Foucault did not even envisage&#8212;at least in &lt;i&gt;Discipline and Punish&lt;/i&gt;&#8212;any alternative to the disciplinary rhythmic forms of life, and whereas Lefebvre, in merely opposing the cyclical-traditional to the linear-modern rhythms, entirely remained within the metric Platonic frame, Barthes determinedly and decisively jumped out of it and could lay down the bases of a subtle ethical and political rhythmic utopia that could even envisage its own failure, its own exhaustion, its possible collapse.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
2.3 I suggested in the conclusion of the previous chapter that Benveniste's study concerning the ancient materialist concept of &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos &lt;/i&gt;could possibly have provided Foucault with the concepts he needed to address the complex epistemological issues he was facing. We now see, thanks to Barthes' particular use of the same study, that it could also have helped him to address as well some limitations of his ethical and political perspective, which did not take into account neither the resistance and actions of the individuals, nor any utopian dimension.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
3. This naturally does not mean that Barthes' attempt was without limitations of its own.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
3.1 His own concept of State was surely a bit simplistic and he developed rather crude anarchist views. As in some current libertarian and neoliberal views, the State was considered as evil and necessarily opposed to individual freedom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
3.2 Although Barthes had the great virtue to prolong Benveniste's contribution concerning the concept of &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt;, he was still a bit hesitant about its meaning. Instead of considering it in its positivity, from what it was, he characterized it from what it was not and finally reduced it to a mere deviation or difference from the norm, which was a way to reintroduce the dualistic view that he had just put aside. The &lt;i&gt;rhuthmos&lt;/i&gt; which had just emerged was still to be discovered in its full conceptual range and consequences. As a matter of fact, this was to happen thanks to other thinkers of the time whom I will consider in the next chapters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;
&lt;a href='https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article2486' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Next chapter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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